Currently, in clinics, breast cancer
is treated with free chemotherapeutic
drugs, as a result there is not much therapeutic effect in treated
models, leading to substantial systemic toxicity. To overcome these
critical problems for the primary outcome, we developed the formulated
nanomaterial (FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs) aimed to specifically target cancer
cells via nanoscopic-based drug delivery for getting better therapeutic
effectiveness. In the present study, an isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine
(BBR), was chosen as a cancer therapeutic agent, encapsulated on citrate-capped
silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through electrostatic interactions (BBR-AgNPs).
Then, BBR-AgNPs were conjugated with polyethylene glycol-functionalized
folic acid (FA-PEG) via hydrogen bonding interactions (FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs).
The transmission electron microscopy study shows the cellular invasion
of the formulated FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs, indicating the accretion of the
nanomaterial at the tumor-specific site. Hence, FA conjugated with
the nanomaterial suggests an efficient release of BBR molecules into
the specific cancer site. Consequently, the results showed an increase
in apoptotic induction via reactive oxygen species and condensed nuclei
in cancer cells. Moreover, the western blotting analysis shows reduced/increased
expression of PI3K, AKT, Ras, Raf, ERK, VEGF, HIF1α, Bcl-2,
Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3, thereby
enhancing apoptosis. Likewise, the in vivo antitumor efficiency of
FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs showed a significant restraint of tumor progression,
and histopathological observations of lung, liver, kidney, heart,
and brain tissues proved lesser toxicity of FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs. Thus,
the successfully formulated nanomaterial can serve as a potential
drug-discharging vehicle to combat cancer cells by a molecular-based
targeting approach.