Peptide-Based Vaccines for Tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in 2020 is rising, making TB prevention and control more challenging. Vaccination has been considered the best approach to reduce the TB burden. Unfortunately, BCG, the only TB vaccine currently approved for use, offers some protection against childhood TB but is less effective in adults. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new TB vaccines that are more effective than BCG. Accumulating data indicated that peptides or epitopes play essential roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity and triggering adaptive immunity. Furthermore, innovations in bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, synthetic technologies, new materials, and transgenic animal models have put wings on the research of peptide-based vaccines for TB. Hence, this review seeks to give an overview of current tools that can be used to design a peptide-based vaccine, the research status of peptide-based vaccines for TB, protein-based bacterial vaccine delivery systems, and animal models for the peptide-based vaccines. These explorations will provide approaches and strategies for developing safer and more effective peptide-based vaccines and contribute to achieving the WHO’s End TB Strategy.

Cellular Immunity of Patients with Tuberculosis Combined with Diabetes

“…Th2 T lymphocytes promote the transformation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells by secreting cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 and induce a humoral immune response. The combined action of innate immunity and adaptive immunity constructs a resistant barrier against MTB infection [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…According to the difference in antigen recognition, T cells can be divided into αβ T cells (containing α and β chains) and γδ T cells (containing γ and δ chains). Furthermore, αβ T cells can be subdivided into CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells according to their surface characteristic molecules [ 13 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Blue Skies research is essential for ending the Tuberculosis pandemic and advancing a personalized medicine approach for holistic management of Respiratory Tract infections.

“…Blue skies research underpins all current vaccine development efforts. Advances in molecular genetics, viral vectors and adjuvants have facilitated TB vaccine development (Brazier & McShane, 2020;Garcia J et al, 2021;Gong et al, 2022;Jeyanathan M et al, 2022). According to the report released by WHO, there are 14 TB vaccine candidates in clinical trials (WHO 2021).…”

“…Bioinformatics now make it possible to predict and design a peptide-based vaccine with computers and peptide-based vaccines have several advantages including faster production, stability during transportation, storage, and delivery, in addition to lower cost, and fewer side effects (Gong et al, 2022). However additional research is required to identify suitable antigens, their immunogenicity, antigenicity, protective efficiency, toxicity, mode of delivery and duration of protection.…”

“…now provides the required infrastructures, and conducive atmosphere for the younger generation scientists to take forward their research instincts, think out of the box, and lead their own blue skies basic science research guided by their own local experiences.NEW TB VACCINES DEVELOPMENTBlue skies research during the COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid development of a range of effective COVID-19 vaccines within a year of the appearance of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and re-awakened hope that a new TB vaccine is possible from application of blue skies research technological advances(Fan & Lowrie, 2021). Development of a new universally effective TB vaccine is a major research priority, and it is increasingly becoming clear that eradicating TB will be dependent on developing an effective vaccine(Braziet & Mcshane, 2020;Gong et al 2022; Kaufmann S. 2021; Jeyananthan et al …”