Peptide Antibodies: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

Peptide antibodies recognize epitopes with amino acid residues adjacent in sequence ("linear" epitopes). Such antibodies can be made to virtually any sequence and have been immensely important in all areas of molecular biology and diagnostics due to their versatility and to the rapid growth in protein sequence information. Today, peptide antibodies can be routinely and rapidly made to large numbers of peptides, including peptides with posttranslationally modified residues, and are used for immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and immunoassays. In the future, peptide antibodies will continue to be immensely important for molecular biology, TCR- and MHC-like peptide antibodies may be produced routinely, peptide antibodies with predetermined conformational specificities may be designed, and peptide-based vaccines may become part of vaccination programs.

Antibodies as Diagnostic Targets and as Reagents for Diagnostics

“…The type of Ab can be "polyclonal" (monospecific/polyspecific serum or purified immunoglobulin preparation), monoclonal, a peptide Ab or a recombinant Ab. Moreover, Ab fragments can be used for various assays [11][12][13][14][15]. B.…”

“…In addition, various combinations of assays are frequently used such as immuno-precipitation, immuno-blotting, line/array-blotting, lateral flow assays, and others. The use of Abs for immunocytochemistry/histochemistry is particularly valuable both for diagnostics and for research [3,6,[11][12][13][14]. C. The analytes measured can be virtually any molecule/antigen to which an antibody can be made (hormones, growth factors, vitamins, drugs, etc.…”

“…C. The analytes measured can be virtually any molecule/antigen to which an antibody can be made (hormones, growth factors, vitamins, drugs, etc. ), including various Abs and auto-Abs [3,6,[11][12][13][14].…”

Predictable Peptide Conjugation Ratios by Activation of Proteins with Succinimidyl Iodoacetate (SIA)

“…The attachment of peptides to proteins and other biopolymers is one of the most important methods for the synthesis of bioconjugates. Many textbooks and excellent reviews are available in this field [1,2].…”