Penile biometry on prenatal magnetic resonance imaging

Nemec, Stefan F.; Nemec, Ursula; Weber, Michael; Brugger, Peter C.; Bettelheim, Dieter; Rotmensch, Siegfried; Krestan, Christian; Rimoin, David L.; Graham, John M.; Prayer, Daniela

doi:10.1002/uog.9022

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…With reference to penis development during the fetal period, the only studies available in the literature, apart from that of our group [5], [6], [17]–[21], [23] were performed by ultrasound or other imaging methods in utero, and were related only to penile length [24]–[27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications of Erectile Tissue Components in the Penis during the Fetal Period

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe penile erectile tissue has a complex microscopic anatomy with important functions in the mechanism of penile erection. The knowledge of such structures is necessary for understanding the normal physiology of the adult penis. Therefore, it is important to know the changes of these penile structures during fetal development. This study aims to analyze the development of the main components of the erectile tissue, such as collagen, smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers, in human fetuses.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe studied the penises of 56 human fetuses aged 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC). We used histochemical and immunohistochemical staining, as well as morphometric techniques to analyze the collagen, smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers in the corpus cavernosum and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, USA). From 13 to 36 WPC, in the corpus cavernosum, the amount of collagen, smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers varied from 19.88% to 36.60%, from 4.39% to 29.76% and from 1.91% to 8.92%, respectively. In the corpus spongiosum, the amount of collagen, smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers varied from 34.65% to 45.89%, from 0.60% to 11.90% and from 3.22% to 11.93%, respectively.ConclusionsWe found strong correlation between the elements analyzed with fetal age, both in corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum. The growth rate of these elements was more intense during the second trimester (13 to 24 WPC) of gestation, both in corpus cavernosum and in corpus spongiosum. There is greater proportional amount of collagen in the corpus spongiosum than in corpus cavernosum during all fetal period. In the corpus spongiosum, there is about four times more collagen than smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers, during all fetal period studied.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications of Erectile Tissue Components in the Penis during the Fetal Period

et al. 2014

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“…Fetal masturbation has been described previously but there has not been further description of this behaviour from that point on. However, the fetal penile erection is more frequently observed and described, it is possible to measure its length using ultrasounds and it has been described as the normal penile growth in utero by providing nomogram‐like MRI data on fetal penile length used in the prenatal diagnosis of normality of external genitalia.…”

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confidence: 86%

In utero gratification behaviour in male fetus

Fernández

Cajal

2016

Prenatal Diagnosis

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Fetal masturbation has been described previously once in utero but only as a description of an action. Masturbation is well described in infancy and early childhood when they discover that this practice can give them pleasure. Our letter proves that it could begin in utero as a 'gratification behaviour'. We have shown this pattern clearly by using a volumetric rendering mode study. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…[65][66][67][68][69][70] Failure to assign sex occurred in 9%-35% of cases but where sex was assigned the accuracy varied from 87%-100% in males and 92%-100% in females. 62 Several additional sonographic features were employed, including penis length (although available charts had disparate reference ranges [71][72][73] ), fetal scrotum size, testicular descent, 65 vesico-rectal interspace 74 ( Figure 5), and ischio-genital angle. 59 Visualization of micturition on color Doppler imaging in males is particularly helpful in hypospadias ( Figures 6 and 7).…”

Section: What Does This Review Add?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound

2020

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Prenatal diagnosis of sex discordance is a relatively new phenomenon. Prior to cell-free DNA testing, the diagnosis of a disorder of sexual differentiation was serendipitous, either through identification of ambiguous genitalia at the midtrimester morphology ultrasound or discovery of genotype-phenotype discordance in cases where preimplantation genetic diagnosis or invasive prenatal testing had occurred.

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Penile biometry on prenatal magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract: Objective In view of the implementation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an adjunct to ultrasonography in prenatal diagnosis

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

Modifications of Erectile Tissue Components in the Penis during the Fetal Period

Modifications of Erectile Tissue Components in the Penis during the Fetal Period

In utero gratification behaviour in male fetus

Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound

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