Penicillins and Cephalosporins

Garcı́a-Estrada, Carlos; Martı́n, Juan-Francisco

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-088504-9.00199-9

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This penicillin precursor is the basis of semisynthetic penicillins, which are achieved through the addition of different side chains to 6-APA by a chemical process [24]. …”

Section: Introduction: Evolution Of Fungi In Penicillin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important milestone that opened a new era of chemotherapy was the detection and isolation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) in fermented broths in the decade of 1950s [ 20 – 23 ]. This penicillin precursor is the basis of semisynthetic penicillins, which are achieved through the addition of different side chains to 6-APA by a chemical process [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introduction: Evolution Of Fungi In Penicillin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteomics Shows New Faces for the Old Penicillin ProducerPenicillium chrysogenum

Barreiro

Martı́n

Garcı́a-Estrada

2012

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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Fungi comprise a vast group of microorganisms including the Ascomycota (majority of all described fungi), the Basidiomycota (mushrooms or higher fungi), and the Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota (basal or lower fungi) that produce industrially interesting secondary metabolites, such as β-lactam antibiotics. These compounds are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs world-wide. Since Fleming's initial discovery ofPenicillium notatum80 years ago, the role ofPenicilliumas an antimicrobial source became patent. After the isolation ofPenicillium chrysogenumNRRL 1951 six decades ago, classical mutagenesis and screening programs led to the development of industrial strains with increased productivity (at least three orders of magnitude). The new “omics” era has provided the key to understand the underlying mechanisms of the industrial strain improvement process. The review of different proteomics methods applied toP. chrysogenumhas revealed that industrial modification of this microorganism was a consequence of a careful rebalancing of several metabolic pathways. In addition, the secretome analysis ofP. chrysogenumhas opened the door to new industrial applications for this versatile filamentous fungus.

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“…This penicillin precursor is the basis of semisynthetic penicillins, which are achieved through the addition of different side chains to 6-APA by a chemical process [24]. …”

Section: Introduction: Evolution Of Fungi In Penicillin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction: Evolution Of Fungi In Penicillin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomics Shows New Faces for the Old Penicillin ProducerPenicillium chrysogenum

Barreiro

Martı́n

Garcı́a-Estrada

2012

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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“…The FTIR spectra of the two new ruthenium(III) complexes in comparison with the free cefradine and cefoxitin drug ligands are displayed in Fig. 3 a-d and summarized in Table 1 with some tentative distinguish assignments [2,7,12]. The IR spectra of the cefradine and cefoxitin shows some characteristic bands at (3347, 3289, 1771 and 1677 cm -1 ) and (3486, 3289, 1757 and 1677 cm -1 ) mainly due to the ν(NH 2 ), ν(NH), ν(COOH) and ν(C=O) stretching vibrations, respectively.…”

Section: Infrared Spectra Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 4 th generation drug cepepime is an exception, with G+ activity equivalent to the 1 st generation and G− activity equivalent to the 3 rd generation cephs. 2 The 3 rd generation cephs are less active against G+ cocci. Extensive ceph class restriction significantly reduced nosocomial, plasmid-mediated, cephresistant Klebsiella infection and colonization.…”

Section: Introduction *mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectro-analytical, antimicrobial and antitumor studies of the first and second generation of cephalosporin combined with ruthenium(III) ion as a drug model

Albedair¹,

Aljazzar²,

Alturiqi³

et al. 2020

Rev.Roum.Chim.

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Two new ruthenium(III) complexes of 1 st (cefradine) and 2 nd (cefoxitin) generation of cephalosprin drugs have been synthesized and well characterized based on physical (molar conductance), spectral (FTIR & UV-Vis), thermal analysis (TGA & DTA) and analytical data. Both cefradine (ceph-1) and cefoxitin (ceph-2) act as a bidentate ligand and the synthesized complexes [Ru(L)(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] where [L=cefradine and cefoxitin] are showing octahedral geometry. The analytical data refer to 1:1 (Ru 3+ /ceph) stoichiometry. FTIR analysis confirmed the coordination through the two oxygen atoms of β-lactam and carboxylate groups. The surface morphology and particle size investigations were evaluated using XRD, SEM and TEM analyses. The antimicrobial effect of ruthenium(III) ion upon complexity with ceph-1 and ceph-2 were assessed against Gram positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis & Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. The potential anticancer properties of Ru 3+ cephalosprin complexes were evaluated in vitro on colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, indicating that the synthesized Ru(III) complexes are relatively better cytotoxic agents in comparison with cisplatin standard drug.

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“…CefC itself, unlike PenG, has weak antibacterial activity and is not used as a final drug in medical practice (Figure 6b) [196]. The key role of cephalosporin C is associated with its use as a starting substance for the production of all pharmaceutically important cephalosporin antibiotics [197]. To achieve this, at the first stage, cephalosporin nucleus or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is obtained in vitro from CefC, either chemically or enzymatically (using D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) and glutaryl-7aminocephalosporanic acid acylase (EC 3.5.1.93)) [56,198,199].…”

Section: Fermentation Of a Chrysogenum For Cephalosporin C (Cefc) Pro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Production of Antibiotics in Fungi: Current State, Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Classical Strain Improvement and Increasing the Production of High-Yielding Strains by the Addition of Low-Molecular Weight Inducers

Zhgun

2023

Fermentation

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The natural fermentation of antibiotics, along with semi-synthetic and synthetic approaches, is one of the most important methods for their production. The majority of the antibiotic market comes from the fermentation of high-yielding (HY) fungal strains. These strains have been obtained since the 1950s from wild-type (WT) isolates as a result of classical strain improvement (CSI) programs primarily involving multi-round random mutagenesis and screening. However, the molecular basis leading to high-yield production was unknown. In recent years, due to the application of multiomic approaches, key changes that occur in CSI programs, with WT strains that become HY industrial producers of a particular antibiotic, have begun to be understood. It becomes obvious that, during CSI, certain universal events are selected, which lead both to a direct increase in the production of the target metabolite and affect other vital processes of the cell (side mutations). These key events include: the upregulation of the target biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), changes in the system of global regulation, disruption of alternative BGCs, the rearrangement of energy fluxes in favor of the target SM (secondary metabolite), changes in the regulation of the response to stress, and the redirection of primary metabolic pathways to obtain more precursors for target production. This knowledge opens up the possibility of both introducing targeted changes using genetic engineering methods when creating new producers and increasing the production of CSI strains as a result of fermentation with low-molecular compounds, targeted to compensate for the effects of side mutations.

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Penicillins and Cephalosporins

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Proteomics Shows New Faces for the Old Penicillin ProducerPenicillium chrysogenum

Proteomics Shows New Faces for the Old Penicillin ProducerPenicillium chrysogenum

Spectro-analytical, antimicrobial and antitumor studies of the first and second generation of cephalosporin combined with ruthenium(III) ion as a drug model

Industrial Production of Antibiotics in Fungi: Current State, Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Classical Strain Improvement and Increasing the Production of High-Yielding Strains by the Addition of Low-Molecular Weight Inducers

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