Penetration of Dental Plaque Components Into Gingiva: Sequential Topical Treatments With Hyaluronidase and Streptococcal Polysaccharide in Rats

Abstract

EIGHTY-FIVE Sprague-Dawley rats were used in two experiments to determine the conditions necessary to permit transepithelial penetration by deleterious macromolecules in murine oral mucosa. In experiment one, Group I was a water and diet control; Group II mucosa was treated with hyaluronidase; Group III with streptococcal polysaccharide; and Group IV with hyaluronidase, followed by treatment with the polysaccharide. In the second experiment, the histological effects of the streptococcal polysaccharide were quantified by administering a series of concentrations, from 10 mg/ml to 100 microgram/ml. The results suggest that tissue-damaging plaque components, such as hyaluronidase and polysaccharide, act in combination to pass through the epithelial structures into the subjacent connective tissues to cause destructive changes in rat gingiva. Such changes may possibly be related to those seen in the periodontium when it is adjacent to dental plaque.

Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide and Methyl Mercaptan on the Permeability of Oral Mucosa

“…non-keratinized sites which are constantly exposed to a stagnant bacterial environment. It has been suggested that the onset of periodontal disease follows the initial damage to the tissue barrier (Page and Schroeder, 1976;Rizzo, 1968;Gaffar et al, 1981). Previous studies have shown that penetration occurs by simple diffusion through the intercellular spaces of the epithelium (Tregear, 1966;Siegel et al, 1971).…”

“…They induce a change in the structure of the crevicular epithelial barrier to permit an increase in accessibility of microbial substances to the underlying connective tissue layer, where they initiate a sequence of destructive inflammatory reactions. The maintenance of the tissue barrier is important, since toxic substances such as endotoxin and bacterial dextrans, per se, have been shown to be incapable of causing inflammation in healthy sulcular gingiva (Gaffar et al, 1981;Rizzo, 1968). …”

Injection of an antigen into the gingiva and its effect on an experimentally induced inflammation in the knee joint of the mouse

“…Second, during the active stages of gingivitis and periodontitis, bacteria from the subgingival plaque have been shown to invade the tissues of the periodontium (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). The plaque organisms etnit metabolic products such as toxins, enzymes and poiysaccharides which initiate or cause destructive changes in the gingiva (13,(17)(18)(19) and allow penetration of the bacteria deeper into the connective tissues. Third, bacteretnias have been reported to occur immediately following dental manipulation such as tooth extractions, periodontal and root treatment (20)(21)(22) or even following tooth brushing (23,24).…”

Prevalence of daily flossing among adults by selected risk factors for periodontal disease—United States, 2011–2014

“…Dental plaque is an etiologic factor in the development of chronic periodontal disease, which can eventually lead to tooth loss if untreated . Plaque tends to accumulate on proximal surfaces, i.e., the locations between teeth.…”