Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

David, Iulia Gabriela; Popa, Dana Elena; Buleandră, Mihaela

doi:10.1155/2017/1905968

Cited by 191 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 216 publications

(415 reference statements)

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“…Background currents generated by clays and polymers contained in PGEs are much lower than those given by the conventional solid electrodes, such as glassy carbon, gold, and platinum; while displaying electron transfer rates similar to those of glassy carbon electrodes [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Graphite pencil leads, modified as PGE working electrodes are composite materials containing graphite (~65%), clay (~30%), and a binder (wax, resins, or high polymer) [18]. PGEs with high chemical and mechanical stability can be used in a wide range of working potentials [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PGEs with high chemical and mechanical stability can be used in a wide range of working potentials [18]. PGEs are cheap, easily modified and convenient to use in quantification of a variety of analytes from a wide range of samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PGEs are cheap, easily modified and convenient to use in quantification of a variety of analytes from a wide range of samples. With an active electrode surface area of approximately 0.255 cm 2 , they can be used to analyse low concentrations of small volume samples without any preconcentration/deposition step [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Biosensor for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis

Utku¹,

Ozdemir²,

Bakay³

2018

IU-JEEE

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Biosensor, a device used in the detection of an analyte, combines a biological/chemical sensor component with a physicochemical transducer. The sensor and the transducer elements recognize and detect the analyte qualitatively and/or quantitatively [1][2][3]. The biological sensor element may be in the form of tissue, microorganism, organelle, receptor, enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, molecule, etc., which may be attached to the metal, polymer or glass surface of the electrode through chemical and physical means.A biological sensor element may be relatively short-lived and with complications in handling; therefore, they may be replaced with artificial elements that are components of a receptor-based sensing system. Molecular Imprinting Technology (MIT) is a method that aims to overcome these complications by producing selectively specific artificial receptors. It utilizes molecular imprinting polymer (MIP), formed as a dependable molecular recognition element with room temperature stability that mimicks natural recognition elements, such as antibodies and receptors. MIT is used in the detection, separation and purification of biological and chemical molecules, such as amino acids and proteins, nucleotids, toxins, drugs, etc. A 3D polymeric network is formed between the analyte and monomer through functional hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole and ionic interactions. After polymerization, upon removal of the analyte, specific recognition sites that are in the shape, size and chemical structure of the analyte are formed in the polymer [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].There are examples of MIP based sensors equipped more commonly with SPRS and QCM based transducers [4]. However, they have not been experimented in the detection of small ABSTRACTA molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based impedimetric biosensor was developed for the electrochemical analysis of low-weight biological molecules. Synthetic polymeric matrices with specific and selective recognition sites, which are complementary to the shapes and sizes of the functional groups of analytes, can be prepared using the molecular imprinting method. In this study, a small molecule, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), was used to coat a graphite pencil tip with a TRIS-containing polyacrylamide gel to fabricate a working electrode. The electrode modification and performance were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrodes were observed using an electrochemical cell comprising a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a Pt wire as the counter electrode, and a pencil graphite tip as the working electrode using a redox-phosphate buffer solution with different concentrations of TRIS and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The I-V and impedance performance of the chemically modified graphite pencil-tip electrodes exhibited decreased conductance and increased impedance correlating with the increase in TRIS concentration. Thus, MIP-based small-molecule biosensor prototypes can be promising eco...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Biosensor for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis

Utku¹,

Ozdemir²,

Bakay³

2018

IU-JEEE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The most used are metallic electrodes such as platinum and gold , and carbon‐based electrodes in the form of pencil graphite lead , carbon‐ink , composite , carbon fiber , and carbon paste . In comparison with metallic electrodes, the carbon‐based sensors have advantages such as lower cost, larger availability, higher chemical stability, lower overpotential, and wider potential working range .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and inexpensive method for the simple fabrication of PDMS‐based electrochemical sensors for detection in microfluidic devices

2019

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The fabrication of PDMS microfluidic structures through soft lithography is widely reported. While this well‐established method gives high precision microstructures and has been successfully used for many researchers, it often requires sophisticated instrumentation and expensive materials such as clean room facilities and photoresists. Thus, we present here a simple protocol that allows the rapid molding of simple linear microchannels in PDMS substrates aiming microfluidics‐based applications. It might serve as an alternative to researchers that do not have access to sophisticated facilities such as clean rooms. The method developed here consists on the use of pencil graphite leads as template for the molding of PDMS channels. It yields structures that can be used for several applications, such as housing support for electrochemical sensors or channels for flow devices. Here, the microdevices produced through this protocol were employed for the accommodation of carbon black paste, which was utilized for the first time as amperometric sensor in microchip electrophoresis. This platform was successfully used for the separation and detection of model analytes. Ascorbic acid and iodide were separated within 45 s with peak resolution of 1.2 and sensitivities of 198 and 492 pA/μM, respectively. The background noise was ca. 84 pA. The analytical usefulness of the system developed was successfully tested through the quantification of iodide in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. It demonstrates good efficiency of the microfabrication protocol developed and enables its use for the easy and rapid prototyping of PDMS structures over a low fabrication cost.

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Innovations in dengue virus detection: An overview of conventional and electrochemical biosensor approaches

Raza,

Poria,

Kala

et al. 2024

Biotech and App Biochem

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Globally, people are in great threat due to the highly spreading of viral infectious diseases. Every year like 100–300 million cases of infections are found, and among them, above 80% are not recognized and irrelevant. Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus infection that currently infects people most frequently. DENV encompasses four viral serotypes, and they each express comparable sign. From a mild febrile sickness to a potentially fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue can induce a variety of symptoms. Presently, the globe is being challenged by the untimely identification of dengue infection. Therefore, this review summarizes advances in the detection of dengue from conventional methods (nucleic acid‐based, polymerase chain reaction‐based, and serological approaches) to novel biosensors. This work illustrates an extensive study of the current designs and fabrication approaches involved in the formation of electrochemical biosensors for untimely identifications of dengue. Additionally, in electrochemical sensing of DENV, we skimmed through significances of biorecognition molecules like lectins, nucleic acid, and antibodies. The introduction of emerging techniques such as the CRISPR/Cas’ system and their integration with biosensing platforms has also been summarized. Furthermore, the review revealed the importance of electrochemical approach compared with traditional diagnostic methods.

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Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

Cited by 191 publications

References 216 publications

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Biosensor for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Biosensor for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis

Rapid and inexpensive method for the simple fabrication of PDMS‐based electrochemical sensors for detection in microfluidic devices

Innovations in dengue virus detection: An overview of conventional and electrochemical biosensor approaches

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