Pelvic floor muscle assessment on three‐ and four‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound in women with ovarian endometriosis with or without retroperitoneal infiltration: a step towards complete functional assessment

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Objective To assess the effect of levator ani muscle (LAM) coactivation at term on outcome of labor in nulliparous women. Methods This was a prospective study of 284 low‐risk nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy at term recruited before the onset of labor. The anteroposterior diameter of the levator hiatus was measured in each woman on transperineal ultrasound at rest, on maximum pelvic floor muscle contraction and on maximum Valsalva maneuver before and after visual feedback. LAM coactivation was defined as a reduction in the anteroposterior diameter of the levator hiatus on maximum Valsalva maneuver in comparison with that at rest. The association of pelvic hiatal diameter values and LAM coactivation with mode of delivery and duration of labor was assessed. Results No significant difference was found between women who underwent Cesarean delivery and those who had a vaginal delivery with regard to the anteroposterior diameter of the levator hiatus at rest, on pelvic floor muscle contraction and on Valsalva maneuver. Longer second stage of labor was associated with shorter anteroposterior diameter of the levator hiatus on all assessments, but in particular at rest and on Valsalva both before and after visual feedback. LAM coactivation was found in 89 (31.3%) and 75 (26.4%) women before and after visual feedback, respectively. Post visual feedback, women with LAM coactivation had a significantly longer second stage of labor than did those without LAM coactivation (83 ± 63 vs 63 ± 42 min; P = 0.006). On Cox regression analysis, LAM coactivation post visual feedback was an independent predictor of longer second stage of labor (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.499 (95% CI, 1.076–2.087); P = 0.017). Conclusion LAM coactivation in nulliparous women at term is associated with a longer second stage of labor. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Levator ani muscle coactivation at term is associated with longer second stage of labor in nulliparous women

Youssef

Montaguti

Dodaro

et al. 2019

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“…Indeed, recent studies support the association between pelvic floor muscle hypertone and LAM coactivation. It has been shown that women with deep infiltrating endometriosis, who are known to have a considerably higher risk of pelvic floor hypertone, have almost a three-fold higher risk of LAM coactivation 39,40 . We also confirmed an association between LAM coactivation after visual feedback and longer second stage of labor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transperineal ultrasound assessment of maternal pelvic floor at term and fetal head engagement

Youssef

Brunelli

Montaguti

et al. 2020

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Objectives To evaluate the association between pelvic floor dimensions in nulliparous women at term and fetal head engagement, as assessed by transperineal ultrasound. Methods This was a prospective observational study of nulliparous women at term. Before the onset of labor, transperineal ultrasound was used to measure the anteroposterior diameter (APD) of the levator hiatus and the angle of progression (AoP) at rest, on maximum pelvic floor muscle contraction and on maximum Valsalva maneuver (before and after visual feedback). We assessed the correlation between pelvic floor static and dynamic dimensions (levator hiatal APD and levator ani muscle coactivation) and AoP, which is an objective index of fetal head engagement. Results In total, 282 women were included in the analysis. Among these, 211 (74.8%) women had a vaginal delivery while 71 (25.2%) had a Cesarean delivery. AoP was narrower in the Cesarean‐delivery group at rest, on maximum pelvic floor muscle contraction and on maximum Valsalva, whereas no differences in levator hiatal APD were found between the two groups. We found a negative correlation between levator hiatal APD at rest, on maximum pelvic floor muscle contraction and on maximum Valsalva and the duration of the second stage of labor. There was a positive correlation between AoP and levator hiatal APD on maximum Valsalva maneuver after visual feedback (r = 0.15, P = 0.01). Women with levator ani muscle contraction on Valsalva maneuver (i.e. coactivation), both pre and post visual feedback, had a narrower AoP at rest and on maximum Valsalva. After visual feedback, women with levator ani muscle coactivation had a longer second stage of labor than did those without (80.8 ± 61.4 min vs 62.9 ± 43.4 min (P = 0.04)). Conclusions Smaller pelvic floor dimensions and levator ani muscle coactivation are associated with higher fetal head station and with a longer second stage of labor in nulliparous women at term. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

“…The association between pelvic floor musculature and pelvic pain is recognized particularly for certain conditions, such as hypertonic pelvic floor, of which muscle spasm is a key part. Recently, ultrasound data in women with endometriosis have also demonstrated alterations in pelvic floor morphometry, particularly in the subgroup of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Generalized pelvic pain may also cause a reflex increase in pelvic floor muscle spasm, the extent of which is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometry of the nulliparous pelvic floor

Nesbitt‐Hawes

Dietz

Abbott

2018