Pelletised fuel production from palm kernel cake

Deris, Raja Razuan Raja; Finney, Karen N.; Chen, Q.; Sharifi, Vida N.; Swithenbank, J.

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.11.018

Cited by 63 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This is confirmed by numerous research studies in which the following additives were introduced to the densified mixture: sodium hydroxide and maize starch as a binder in the process of biomass densification (Finney et al, 2009); sodium hydroxide to waste left over from the process of palm oil production (Razuan et al, 2011); bark and steam in the process of Scots pine sawdust pelletization (Filbakk et al, 2011); Pyrenean oak waste to densified olive pomace waste obtained in the process of olive oil production (Miranda et al, 2012a(Miranda et al, , 2012b; pine waste (sawdust) to pelletized barley straw (Serrano et al, 2011); industrial cork residue to vine shoots (Mediavilla et al, 2009); hydrolytic post-production waste obtained during the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials to densified biomass (Ohman et al, 2006); a binder (Arabic gum and Cassava starch) in the process of densification of carbonized (torrefied) forest wood waste obtained from forest production (Sotannde et al, 2010); maize starch or lignosulphonate (a by-product in cellulose production) in the process pelletization of poplar energy crop (Mediavilla et al, 2012); or shredded paper, a waste material from containers in the process of densification of forest wood waste (Kong et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…They concluded that the kinetic durability of the tested pellets increased significantly when small amounts (over 1%) of binder additives were added. Razuan et al (2011) discovered that adding small amounts of caustic soda (1.5-2.0 w.t. %) to palm kernel cake increased the tensile strength of the obtained pellets to 3055 kPa, with their density fluctuating between 1192 and 1237 kg m -3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pelletization of biomass waste with potato pulp content

Obidziński

2014

International Agrophysics

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A b s t r a c t. This paper presents the results of a research on the influence of potato pulp content in a mixture with oat bran on the power demand of the pelletization process and on the quality of the produced pellets, in the context of use thereof as a heating fuel. The tests of the densification of the pulp and bran mixture were carried out on a work stand whose main element was a P-300 pellet mill with the 'flat matrix-densification rolls' system. 24 h after the pellets left the working system, their kinetic durability was established with the use of a Holmen tester. The research results obtained in this way allowed concluding that increasing the potato pulp content in a mixture with oat bran from 15 to 20% caused a reduction of the power demand of the pellet mill. It was also established that as the pulp content in a mixture with oat bran increases from 15 to 25%, the value of the kinetic durability of the pellets determined using Holmen and Pfost methods decreases.K e y w o r d s: pelletization, biomass waste, potato pulp, pellet quality INTRODUCTION According to Szyszlak-Barg³owicz et al. (2012), biomass ranks fourth worldwide as an energy source, after coal and oil. In all its forms, biomass currently covers approximately 14% of the world energy needs. Biomass is the most important source of energy in developing countries, providing 35% of their energy. In developed countries, biomass energy use is also substantial.A rich source of energy from biomass is also the agriculture and food industry, which generates huge amounts of post-production waste (eg buckwheat hulls obtained during the production process of groats in grain processing plants, fruit pomace left over from the production of fruit juices, rapeseed pomace obtained during rapeseed oil production, or herbal waste). For the purposes of heating or as fodder, industry practice also includes densification of various types of mixtures of waste raw materials, eg from the agriculture and food industry, or of combinations of various types of waste materials of plant origin with other additives (also of plant origin). This includes producing heating pellets from a mixture of off-quality grain (granary waste) combined with oak sawdust and waste left over from the process of apple juice production (Stolarski, 2006); from a mixture of wheat, oat, and maize harvest waste in combination with straw, sawdust, and used edible oil (Niedzió³ka et al., 2008); from hardwoods, softwoods and grasses (Stelte et al., 2011); from a mixture of tobacco waste with herbal waste (Obidziñski, 2012b); from compost obtained from mushroom production (Ryu et al., 2008); from a mixture of waste left over after trimming olive trees (Carone et al., 2010); from a mixture of waste wood and straw (Shaw et al., 2009); by pelletization of a mixture of chestnut and pine sawdust; or from a mixture of grape waste and coffee husks (Gil et al., 2010).Some of the types of waste in the densified mixture can play the role of a natural binder and make the produced pellets more durable, and have...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelletization of biomass waste with potato pulp content

Obidziński

2014

International Agrophysics

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“…According to Razuan et al (2011), who investigated the physical properties of pellets made from palm kernel cake, the most favourable temperature for pellet production was 80-100°C. These pellets had densities of 1 184-1 226 kg m -3 and tensile strengths of 930-1007 kPa.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-stage agglomeration of fine-grained herbal nettle waste

Obidziński¹,

Joka²,

Fijoł³

2017

International Agrophysics

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A b s t r a c t. This paper compares the densification work necessary for the pressure agglomeration of fine-grained dusty nettle waste, with the densification work involved in two-stage agglomeration of the same material. In the first stage, the material was pre-densified through coating with a binder material in the form of a 5% potato starch solution, and then subjected to pressure agglomeration. A number of tests were conducted to determine the effect of the moisture content in the nettle waste (15, 18 and 21%), as well as the process temperature (50, 70, 90 o C) on the values of densification work and the density of the obtained pellets. For pre-densified pellets from a mixture of nettle waste and a starch solution, the conducted tests determined the effect of pellet particle size (1, 2, and 3 mm) and the process temperature (50, 70, 90 o C) on the same values. On the basis of the tests, we concluded that the introduction of a binder material and the use of two-stage agglomeration in nettle waste densification resulted in increased densification work (as compared to the densification of nettle waste alone) and increased pellet density.K e y w o r d s : agglomeration, nettle waste, binder, starch INTRODUCTIONOne of the types of post-production waste produced in herbal companies is the nettle waste obtained during herb processing. The amount of waste left over from the process of herbal production is relatively large, with its utilisation being problematic due to the very small particle sizes of waste fractions.In the case of Herbapol Białystok S.A., the annual production of herbal (usually nettle) waste, amounting to approx. 30 t, is usually sold cheaply or given away for a refund of the transport price.The most common method of herbal waste management is using herbal waste as a fodder additive. Depending on the species of the plant used, herbs exhibit bactericidal (e.g. sage), immunostimulating (Echinacea), antioxidant (e.g. rosemary), sedative, and soporific (e.g. melissa) properties. They can also lower cholesterol levels in the body. In addition, some of these improve the aroma and flavour of fodder. In order to take advantage of this range of properties, mixtures of different plants are often used (Hanczakowska, 2007). The effect of herbal additives in pig fodder on nutritional results is presented in a paper by Paschma (2004), among other studies.One of the methods of plant biomass waste management, including fine-grained herbal waste, is its pelleting or briquetting into a solid fuel (pellets, briquettes), and then using the resulting product as fodder or fuel (subjecting it to combustion). Various kinds of post-production plant waste have been densified into the form of pellets or briquettes: olive tree pruning residues (Carone, 2010), cork powder waste (Montero et al., 2014), blends of poplar and pine sawdust (Monedero et al., 2015), corn stover and switchgrass (Mani et al. 2006a(Mani et al. , 2006b, rice straw and rice bran (Chou et al., 2009), herbaceous crops (Gilbert et al., 2009, mixtures...

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“…Se ha utilizado como subproducto base en la producción de biocompuestos plásticos para la fabricación de pizarras o tableros (Suhaily et al, 2012), (Figura 2 y 3), en la producción de papel (Shuit et al, 2009), en la obtención de biometanol (Sumathi et al, 2008;Shuit et al, 2009), en la producción de bioenergía mediante sistemas de combustión directa, digestión anaeróbica o pirólisis en las calderas junto con los restos de la torta de palmiste (Reyes y Ortíz, 2008;Razuan et al, 2011), o en la generación de electricidad (Figura 3) (Sumathi et al, 2008), logrando suplir las necesidades eléctricas del molino, en la extracción de aceite durante trecientos días de funcionamiento (Prasertsan y Prasertsan, 1996;Yusoff, 2006). Durante el proceso de pirólisis de biomasa, se producen cenizas que pueden ser aplicadas como aditivo del cemento, concreto u hormigón (Figura 3), mostrando resultados satisfactorios en pruebas de solidez, menor impacto ambiental y en el costo del producto (Reyes y Ortíz, 2008).…”

Section: Biomasaunclassified

Potencial económico de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

Márquez

Olívero-Verbel

2017

Mesoam. Agron.

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© 2017 Agronomía Mesoamericana es desarrollada en la Universidad de Costa Rica y se encuentra licenciada con Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Costa Rica. Para más información escríbanos a pccmca@ucr.ac.cr ResumenEl objetivo de este trabajo fue destacar la importancia económica del aprovechamiento óptimo de los productos y subproductos de la palma aceitera. En Colombia este cultivo en etapa productiva puede generar anualmente en promedio 3,14 t de aceite, y hasta 21,68 t de residuos sólidos y líquidos por hectárea. Estos datos permiten estimar que para las 450 131 ha presentes en Colombia en 2014, se produjeron más de nueve millones de toneladas de residuos sólidos y líquidos; la biomasa fue empleada principalmente para la generación de energía y vapor, liberando el contenido de carbono nuevamente al ambiente. Estos residuos poseen un gran potencial en muchas industrias, algunas por desarrollar, por lo que, es de especial importancia intentar maximizar el uso de los residuos para generar beneficios económicos y ambientales. Ejemplo de ello es la torta de palmiste, con un potencial nutricional en la alimentación animal, la fibra en la industria de biocompuestos, la biomasa y el estípite en la industria maderera, el glicerol, el biodiesel y los efluentes líquidos en la industria química y biotecnológica. El aprovechamiento de estas materias primas puede ayudar a establecer un balance positivo en el cultivo de esta especie.Palabras clave: biocombustibles, gases de efecto invernadero, efluentes líquidos, Colombia. AbstractThe objective of this research was to highlight the economic importance of the optimal use of products and byproducts of oil palm. In Colombia, productive crops per hectare can generate, over one year, an average of 3.14 tons of oil, and up to 21.68 t of solid and liquid waste when the plant is on a productive stage. These data allowed the researcher to estimate that more than nine million of t of solid and liquid waste was produced from the 450 131 ha present in 2014, in Colombia; the produced biomass was used to generate energy and steam, releasing carbon dioxide back again into the environment. These residues have great potential in many industries, some to be developed, therefore, it is of special importance to try to maximize the use of waste produced by oil palm production, to generate economic and environmental benefits. An example of this is the palm kernel cake, with a nutritional potential in animal feed, fiber in the biocompound industry, biomass and stipe in the timber industry, glycerol, biodiesel, and liquid IntroducciónLa agricultura es la actividad básica para el hombre, ha generado grandes cambios a través de la historia; mediante su expansión, los seres humanos han transformado los ecosistemas más rápida y extensamente que en ningún otro período de la historia humana, permitiendo resolver de forma rápida las demandas crecientes de alimento, agua, madera, fibra y combustible (Reid et al., 2001).Colombia, es uno de los productores agrícolas con una div...

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Pelletised fuel production from palm kernel cake

Cited by 63 publications

References 25 publications

Pelletization of biomass waste with potato pulp content

Pelletization of biomass waste with potato pulp content

Two-stage agglomeration of fine-grained herbal nettle waste

Potencial económico de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

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