Myelosuppression, including chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and febrile neutropenia, is the major dose-limiting toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. The myeloid colony-stimulating factors have been shown to reduce the risk of febrile neutropenia and its complications. These agents are available globally and are utilised worldwide in oncology practice to support patients receiving cancer therapy. Clinical practice guidelines are available from several international professional organisations.
Chemotherapy-induced NeutropeniaFebrile neutropenia and its complications continue to be associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and cost. 1,2 Haematological toxicity associated with cancer chemotherapy occurs most frequently during the initial cycles, but varies across patient populations and treatment programmes (see Figure 1). [3][4][5] A number of studies have also indicated that chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is associated with improved treatment efficacy, presumably due to the delivered chemotherapy dose intensity. 6,7 Neutropenic complications frequently result in subsequent reductions in chemotherapy dose intensity, compromising disease-free and overall survival in patients treated with curative intent. [8][9][10][11][12] Reduced chemotherapy dose intensity appears to be more common among elderly or obese cancer patients and among certain racial and socioeconomic subgroups. 11,13-18
Risk Factors for Chemotherapy-induced
Neutropenia and Its ComplicationsNeutropenic complications including febrile neutropenia, infection-related mortality and dose reductions and delays are more frequent among elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. 2,17,18 While the risk of cancer increases considerably among the elderly, increasing age is associated with a reduced marrow reserve and more frequent co-morbid medical conditions accompanied by declines in renal and hepatic function, increasing the risk of treatment-related complications. [19][20][21] Other variables that increase the risk of neutropenic complications include the treatment regimen and certain patient characteristics such as functional status and medical co-morbidities. In order to more accurately predict the risk of neutropenic complications, multivariate risk models are undergoing extensive validation and may soon be available to assist clinical decision-making in oncology practice (see Figure 2). 22
Colony-stimulating FactorsThe myeloid growth factors, and most notably granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), have demonstrated the ability to reduce the incidence and severity of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia while improving chemotherapy dose intensity. [23][24][25][26] The long-acting myeloid growth factor pegfilgrastim appears to have several advantages including patient convenience, improved compliance and, potentially, greater potency. 26,27 Multiple randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have consistently shown the efficacy and safety of G-CSF, which has recently been confirmed in a meta-analysis of RCTs in adult cancer patients receiving cance...