Peer Influences and Susceptibility to Smoking Among California Adolescents

Unger, Jennifer B.; Rohrbach, Louise Ann; Howard-Pitney, Beth; Ritt-Olson, Anamara; Mouttapa, Michele

doi:10.1081/ja-100103560

Cited by 50 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Since girls are more sociable than boys, they may be at particular risk of developing increasingly favorable attitudes to alcohol, suggesting that highly sociable girls could be the focus of such interventions. Prevention programs should also target correcting children's peer-based descriptive norms, which are typically overestimations of actual use (Unger, Rohrbach, Howard-Pitney, Ritt-Olson, & Mourrapa, 2001). We showed that children's hostility influenced intentions to drink alcohol through subjective norms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality predictors of the development of elementary school children's intentions to drink alcohol: The mediating effects of attitudes and subjective norms.

Hampson¹,

Andrews²,

Barckley³

et al. 2006

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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The authors tested a mediation model in which childhood hostility and sociability were expected to influence the development of intentions to use alcohol in the future through the mediating mechanisms of developing attitudes and norms. Children in 1 st through 5 th grades (N = 1,049) from a Western Oregon community participated in a longitudinal study involving four annual assessments. Hostility and sociability were assessed by teachers= ratings at the first assessment, and attitudes, subjective norms and intentions were assessed by self-report at all four assessments. For both genders, latent growth modeling demonstrated that sociability predicted an increase in intentions to use alcohol over time, whereas hostility predicted initial levels of these intentions. These personality effects were mediated by the development of attitudes and subjective norms, supporting a model wherein childhood personality traits exert their influence on the development of intentions to use alcohol through the development of these more proximal cognitions. KeywordsPersonality; children; alcohol intentions; attitudes; subjective norms Alcohol is a widely accepted and licit substance that children as young as 3 years old can recognize (Spiegler, 1983). Early use by children and adolescents is associated with adult alcohol abuse (Grant & Dawson, 1997;Newcomb & Bentler, 1988). Although there has been considerable research on contextual, family and peer influences (Andrews, Hops & Duncan, 1997;Andrews, Hops, Tildesley & Li, 2002;Brook, Whiteman, Nomura, Gordon, & Cohen, 1988;Duncan, Duncan, & Hops, 1994; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992), there has been less examination of the influence of young children's personality traits and cognitions on the development of alcohol use (Tarter, 1988;Tarter et al., 1999). In the present study, we examined whether the influence of two personality traits, hostility and sociability, on the development of intentions regarding future alcohol use was mediated by attitudes and subjective norms. Both traits were assessed by teacher's ratings. Hostility was defined as physical and relational aggression, and associating with misbehaving children; sociability was defined as a combination of social competence, energy, and popularity. This model was tested on a community sample of young children participating in an ongoing longitudinal study, the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project (OYSUP; Andrews, Tildesley, Hops, Duncan, & Severson, 2003;Severson, Andrews, & Walker, 2003). The data reported Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sarah E. Hampson, Ph.D., Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon, 94703-1983. E-mail: sarah@ori.org. . here are from the first four years of the project following children from the 1 st through the 5 th grade until they were in the 4 th through the 8 th grade. Although few children in 1 st through 8 th grades have experimented with alcohol, during this period they develop intentions regarding their future use of alcohol. NIH Public Ac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality predictors of the development of elementary school children's intentions to drink alcohol: The mediating effects of attitudes and subjective norms.

Hampson¹,

Andrews²,

Barckley³

et al. 2006

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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“…Odds ratios were calculated separately for 7th and 11th grade boys and girls. We used a stratified analysis because (1) adolescent substance use increases with age, both in the U. S. and in China (Independent Evaluation Consortium, Wave 1 Data, 1998; Unger, Rohrbach et al, 2001), and (2) smoking and alcohol use are gender-related social behaviors in China, in that prevalence rates for males are much higher than for females (Gong, Koplan, Feng, & Chen, 1995;Li, Fang, Stanton, Feigelman, & Dong, 1996;G. R. Liu, 1997;Liu et al, 2001).…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Richardson et al (1989) found that students left alone after school were more likely to engage in cigarette smoking and other substance use behaviors. One reason is that unsupervised adolescents during after-school hours are more likely to spend time with peers, whose influence has been shown to lead to increased substance use (Richardson et al, 1989;Unger, Rohrbach, Howard-Pitney, Ritt-Olson, & Mouttapa, 2001;Unger et al, 2002). Peers are believed to contribute to adolescent substance use, including smoking and alcohol, both directly and indirectly through several mechanisms: by modeling drug use, by shaping norms, attitudes, and values; by exposing the adolescent to opportunities for drug use, by providing positive social reinforcement for attempted substance use.…”

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confidence: 98%

After-School Supervision, Psychosocial Impact, and Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use in China

et al. 2006

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We examined effects of self-care after school hours and psychosocial factors on cigarette smoking and alcohol use among adolescents in China. Survey data were obtained from 4734 7th and 11th grade students from seven cities across China. Students were queried about the frequency and quantity of unsupervised self-care after school in an average week. Tobacco and alcohol usage were also obtained. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the strength of association between unsupervised self-care after school and substance use. Results indicated that the amount of self-care after-school (how many days and how many hours per week) was significantly associated with increased risk for smoking and alcohol use among Chinese adolescents. These associations remained significant even after controlling for anxiety, depressive symptoms, and peer influence. The interaction between unsupervised self-care after school and peer influence indicated that unsupervised self-care after school is a stronger risk factor for smoking among

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“…It is certainly true that if a person's friend smokes, they are also more likely to smoke themselves (Mayhew, 2000), particularly if there is peer approval of smoking (Morgan & Grube, 1989;Unger, 2001). One function of cigarette smoking is to facilitate entry into a peer group (Gilliard & Bruchton-Schweitzer 2001;Wiltshire, Amos, Haw & McNeill, 2005).…”

Section: The Role Of Peers and Friendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unger et al 2001), positioning the smoker as someone who does not particularly have to account for their actions.…”

Section: Normalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Q-methodological Investigation into the Meanings of Cigarette Consumption

Moss

Bould

2009

J Health Psychol

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This Q-methodological study identified shared subjective explanations of smoking among non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers, to consider whether some representations were protective or facilitated quitting. Four factors were identified: named independent addiction; independent non-addiction; anti-smoking; and social addiction. The first two factors were dominated by current and ex-smokers, and the last two by non-smokers. Differences emerged on the use of the `addiction' concept, the use of smoking as a tool for affect management, the role of image manipulation and the general positive and negative perceptions of smoking. The functional use of the different shared smoking representations is discussed.

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Peer Influences and Susceptibility to Smoking Among California Adolescents

Cited by 50 publications

References 25 publications

Personality predictors of the development of elementary school children's intentions to drink alcohol: The mediating effects of attitudes and subjective norms.

Personality predictors of the development of elementary school children's intentions to drink alcohol: The mediating effects of attitudes and subjective norms.

After-School Supervision, Psychosocial Impact, and Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use in China

A Q-methodological Investigation into the Meanings of Cigarette Consumption

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