Pediatric Microbial Keratitis in Taiwan: Clinical and Microbiological Profiles, 1998–2002 Versus 2008–2012

Microbial Bioburden of Orthokeratology Contact Lens Care System

“…5,7,13,[15][16][17]20 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. marcescens, and S. aureus are well-recognized causal pathogen of microbial keratitis; therefore, these pathogens were assigned with an MTS of 4. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp and S. epidermidis are considered normal flora and are nonpathogenic to the ocular surface 12,37 ; however, Lee et al 8 noticed that the number of isolated coagulase-negative Staphylococcus cases increased significantly in the recent years (2008-2012, compared with cases of pediatric microbial keratitis during 1998-2002), and similar results have been shown in others studies. 24,25 Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp is the second most common microbe isolated in our study and is defined as MTS 3 because of its characteristics as a commensal flora with pathogenic potential.…”

“…[5][6][7][8] Formation of biofilm is a major threat associated with microbial colonization of the contact lens system, and among the lens care system, the lens case is the most frequently contaminated item. [12][13][14]17,18 McLaughlin-Borlace et al 35 reported that microbial keratitis in contact lens wearers was frequently associated with bacterial biofilm in the lens case.…”

“…1,2 Among reported complications, microbial keratitis is the most sight-threatening event, and several retrospective studies have found an association between OK and microbial keratitis. [5][6][7][8] Several factors are thought to affect overnight or extendedwear rigid contact lens-related corneal inflammation and infection, such as reduced oxygen transmission through the contact lens, lack of eye movement to disrupt microbial glycocalyx, and decreased blinking to spread lysosome over the corneal surface. [9][10][11] Similar speculative causes have been reported in the soft contact lens system, including microbial contamination (bioburden) of the contact lens system, lens deposits or defects, cytotoxicity of care solutions, hypoxia, and changes in pH, oxygen, and CO 2 concentrations.…”

Orthokeratology-Associated Infectious Keratitis in a Tertiary Care Eye Hospital in Hong Kong

“…A recently published study in Taiwan showed that 19.1% of pediatric microbial keratitis was associated with orthokeratology, which increased significantly from 9.9% in 10 years. 24 There is currently no registry for orthokeratology lenses in Hong Kong. Most orthokeratology practitioners are optometrists, while ophthalmologists mostly see complications related to the use of this modality.…”

Sterilization Method Using Plasma Discharge Against Biofilm-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Surface of Contact Lens

“…However, gram-positive cocci, such as Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are involved in most cases [1,2]. In corneal infections related to contact lenses (CLs), however, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main pathogen [3]. The incidence of CL-related corneal infection is rapidly increasing, associated with the popularization of CLs.…”