Pediatric Cardiomyopathies

Abstract

Cardiomyopathies 284supply the yolk sac. The blood drains back to the heart tube via paired vitelline veins. The second circuit is the umbilical allantoic, placental extraembryonic circuit. In this instance, the dorsal aortae supply blood to umbilical arteries that in turn bring this now unoxygenated blood back to the placenta. "lood from the placenta is carried to the heart tube via umbilical veins. . . Formation of the primitive four chambered heart"s the endocardial heart tubes fuse, several bulges and sulci appear. From the cephalic end, the bulges are the bulbus cordis truncus arteriosus and the conus arteriosus , the primitive ventricle, the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus fig . The veins connect to the heart tube via the sinus venosus, while the paired dorsal aortae arise from aortic arches that in turn arise from the aortic sac. The aortic sac is at the most cephalic end of the bulbus cordis. The sulci are present as the bulboventricular sulcus, between the bulbus cordis and the ventricle, and the atrioventricular sulcus, between the atrium and the ventricle.Then, a rapid growth of the heart tube takes place, and the heart begins to convolute. With this convolution the dorsal mesocardium begins to degenerate. During the process of convolution, the first flexure seen is between the bulbus cordis and the ventricle. The bulbo-ventricular loop that is formed shifts this region of the heart to the right and ventrally. The second flexure, the atrioventricular loop, is between the atrium and the ventricle and this region of the heart is shifted to the left and dorsally. "s growth continues the atria shift cephalically.

Cardiomyopathy in the pediatric patients

“…However, in pediatric patients, cardiomyopathies are all considered nonischemic, causing compromises of both structure and function of the heart. 9 In 1995, the World Health Organization and International Society and Federation of Cardiology modified the classification of cardiomyopathy into 5 types: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic, and inclassified. 10 In 2006, the American Heart Association updated the definition and classification by defining them as a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases with mechanical and (or) electrical dysfunction, 11 which were categorized into primary and acquired types.…”

Hereditary Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children and Young Adults—The Value of Reevaluating and Expanding Gene Panel Analyses

“…Pediatric cardiomyopathy has an annual incidence of 1.1–1.5 per 100,000 children under the age of 18 years [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. It has the same etiology as cardiomyopathy (CM) in adults, but especially in infants the CM can be part of a syndromic, neuromuscular, or metabolic disease [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], and the prognosis is dependent on the underlying condition. In children, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Restricted cardiomyopathy (RCM), and Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) can occur isolated or as a mixed cardiomyopathy (a phenotypic overlap) that can complicate a more specific categorization.…”