Pedestrian injury mitigation by autonomous braking

Rosen, Eric; Källhammer, Jan-Erik; Eriksson, Dick; Nentwich, Matthias; Fredriksson, Rikard; Smith, Kate

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.05.018

Cited by 104 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Beyond it, the pattern of the visibility rate is similar for any kinematic parameter: the Time-To-Collision, the longitudinal and lateral pedestrian position relative to the vehicle. These results are complementary and in accordance with those of Rosén et al (2010) which show a slight reduction of the severely injured (as well as fatality) for camera sensors with a FOV from 40° to 180°. Thus, it can be considered that a FOV of 35° is relevant for pedestrian detection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Approaches based on numerical simulation have been explored to assess the effect of systems in various accident scenarios. These scenarios are provided from in-depth crash investigations and are simulated using simple models (Rosén et al, 2010;Seiniger et al, 2013). More complex methods (probabilistic methods as Monte Carlo) expand the scenarios by slightly varying the initial pre-crash conditions in order to cover a wider range of crash configurations (Lindman and Tivesten, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents

Hamdane

Serre²,

Masson

et al. 2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents 2Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze real crashes involving pedestrians in order to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Autonomous Emergency Braking systems (AEB) in pedestrian protection. A sample of 100 real accident cases were reconstructed providing a comprehensive set of data describing the interaction between the vehicle, the environment and the pedestrian all along the scenario of the accident. A generic AEB system based on a camera sensor for pedestrian detection was modeled in order to identify the functionality of its different attributes in the timeline of each crash scenario. These attributes were assessed to determine their impact on pedestrian safety. The influence of the detection and the activation of the AEB system were explored by varying the Field Of View (FOV) of the sensor and the level of deceleration. A FOV of 35° was estimated to be required to detect and react to the majority of crash scenarios. For the reaction of a system (from hazard detection to triggering the brakes), between 0,5 and 1s appears necessary.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents

Hamdane

Serre²,

Masson

et al. 2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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show abstract

“…This is an increase in the Euro NCAP rating of 2 color bands and is in alignment with the previous work of Rosén et al (2010), who predicted a high effectiveness for pedestrian AEB systems. However, it is greater than the benefit predicted by , who estimated that fitment of a pedestrian AEB system would improve a car's Euro NCAP performance rating by approximately one color band only.…”

Section: Assessment Of Active Safety and Combined Effectssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Rosén et al (2010) estimated an effectiveness of 44 and 33% for prevention of fatal and severe injuries, respectively, for pedestrian casualties impacted by the front of a car. An AEB system that activates the brakes one second prior to a predicted impact with a maximum deceleration of 6 m/s 2 was assumed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Integrated Pedestrian Protection Systems with Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Passive Safety Components

Edwards

Nathanson

Carroll

et al. 2015

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective: Autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems fitted to cars for pedestrians have been predicted to offer substantial benefit. On this basis, consumer rating programs-for example, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP)-are developing rating schemes to encourage fitment of these systems. One of the questions that needs to be answered to do this fully is how the assessment of the speed reduction offered by the AEB is integrated with the current assessment of the passive safety for mitigation of pedestrian injury. Ideally, this should be done on a benefit-related basis.The objective of this research was to develop a benefit-based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with AEB and passive safety components. The method should include weighting procedures to ensure that it represents injury patterns from accident data and replicates an independently estimated benefit of AEB.Methods: A methodology has been developed to calculate the expected societal cost of pedestrian injuries, assuming that all pedestrians in the target population (i.e., pedestrians impacted by the front of a passenger car) are impacted by the car being assessed, taking into account the impact speed reduction offered by the car's AEB (if fitted) and the passive safety protection offered by the car's frontal structure. For rating purposes, the cost for the assessed car is normalized by comparing it to the cost calculated for a reference car.The speed reductions measured in AEB tests are used to determine the speed at which each pedestrian in the target population will be impacted. Injury probabilities for each impact are then calculated using the results from Euro NCAP pedestrian impactor tests and injury risk curves. These injury probabilities are converted into cost using "harm"-type costs for the body regions tested. These costs are weighted and summed. Weighting factors were determined using accident data from Germany and Great Britain and an independently estimated AEB benefit. German and Great Britain versions of the methodology are available. The methodology was used to assess cars with good, average, and poor Euro NCAP pedestrian ratings, in combination with a current AEB system. The fitment of a hypothetical A-pillar airbag was also investigated.Results: It was found that the decrease in casualty injury cost achieved by fitting an AEB system was approximately equivalent to that achieved by increasing the passive safety rating from poor to average. Because the assessment was influenced strongly by the level of head protection offered in the scuttle and windscreen area, a hypothetical A-pillar airbag showed high potential to reduce overall casualty cost.Conclusions: A benefit-based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with AEB has been developed and tested. It uses input from AEB tests and Euro NCAP passive safety tests to give an integrated assessment of the system performance, which includes consideration of effects such as the change in head impact loca...

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Pedestrian Protection Overview

Arregui‐Dalmases

Fredriksson

Kerrigan

et al. 2014

Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering

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The World Bank estimates that between 41% and 75% of all road traffic fatalities worldwide are pedestrians and that nearly 35% of all pedestrian fatalities are children. Three factors are important to fully understand a vehicle pedestrian collision. The environment, the vehicle and the pedestrian contribute to accidents and determine their outcome. Further, the accident can be divided into three parts on a time‐scale; pre‐, in‐ and post‐crash. In each of these time events, the environment, vehicle and road user are more or less influential factors important to consider. Our aim in this chapter is to describe the fundaments of vehicle‐pedestrian collisions, covering aspects like influencing factors of the collision, the vehicle structures responsible for pedestrian injuries and active‐ passive countermeasures from the injury biomechanics point of view.

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Pedestrian injury mitigation by autonomous braking

Cited by 104 publications

References 7 publications

Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents

Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents

Assessment of Integrated Pedestrian Protection Systems with Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Passive Safety Components

Pedestrian Protection Overview

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