Pectin Methylesterase Is Induced in <i>Arabidopsis</i> upon Infection and Is Necessary for a Successful Colonization by Necrotrophic Pathogens

Raiola, Alessandro; Lionetti, Vincenzo; Elmaghraby, Ibrahim; Immerzeel, Peter; Mellerowicz, Ewa J.; Salvi, Giovanni E.; Cervone, Felice; Bellincampi, Daniela

doi:10.1094/mpmi-07-10-0157

Cited by 141 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Untreated pme3 plants were previously shown to have reduced total PME activity (Raiola et al, 2011). We confirmed this, but found that the increase in PME activity in pme3 plants 72 h after infection with A. brassicicola is indistinguishable from the increase in Col-0 (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Cell Wall Pectin Is Demethylesterified In Response To Pathogsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…PME3 expression is upregulated after infection with two other necrotrophic pathogens: B. cinerea and P. carotovorum (Raiola et al, 2011). Using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), we confirmed up-regulation of these genes in Col-0 and/or dde2 plants (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Cell Wall Pectin Is Demethylesterified In Response To Pathogmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…They are T-DNA insertion lines of the SALK (Alonso et al, 2003), SAIL (Sessions et al, 2002), GABI-Kat (Kleinboelting et al, 2012), WiscDsLox (Woody et al, 2007), or SM_3 (John Innes Center) collections and were obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center. One pme3 allele (GK002A10) has been studied previously (Raiola et al, 2011), and this allele was referred to as pme3-3 in this study.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One PME, PME3, has been implicated in plant immune responses. Mutant pme3 is more resistant to B. cinerea and Pectobacterium carotovorum and total PME activity is reduced (Raiola et al, 2011). In addition, ectopic expression of PMEI genes rendered plants more resistant against various necrotrophic pathogens Lionetti et al, 2007;Volpi et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

et al. 2013

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Pectins, major components of dicot cell walls, are synthesized in a heavily methylesterified form in the Golgi and are partially deesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs) upon export to the cell wall. PME activity is important for the virulence of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Here, the roles of Arabidopsis PMEs in pattern-triggered immunity and immune responses to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterial hemibiotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326 (Pma ES4326) were studied. Plant PME activity increased during pattern-triggered immunity and after inoculation with either pathogen. The increase of PME activity in response to pathogen treatment was concomitant with a decrease in pectin methylesterification. The pathogen-induced PME activity did not require salicylic acid or ethylene signaling, but was dependent on jasmonic acid signaling. In the case of induction by A. brassicicola, the ethylene response factor, but not the MYC2 branch of jasmonic acid signaling, contributed to induction of PME activity, whereas in the case of induction by Pma ES4326, both branches contributed. There are 66 PME genes in Arabidopsis, suggesting extensive genetic redundancy. Nevertheless, selected pme single, double, triple and quadruple mutants allowed significantly more growth of Pma ES4326 than wild-type plants, indicating a role of PMEs in resistance to this pathogen. No decreases in total PME activity were detected in these pme mutants, suggesting that the determinant of immunity is not total PME activity; rather, it is some specific effect of PMEs such as changes in the pattern of pectin methylesterification.The plant cell wall determines cell shape, facilitates cell-cell interaction, and provides mechanical strength to plant cells. De Bary (1886) first observed that a plant pathogen, Sclerotina sclerotiorum, degraded host cell walls during infection. Later, it was concluded that plant cell walls act as preformed structural barriers against pathogen entry, because it was noticed that many plant pathogens produced various types of cell wall-degrading enzymes and that some of those were required for optimal infection of host plants (Albersheim et al., 1969).Arabidopsis mesophyll cells are surrounded by primary cell walls consisting of three major components: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Pectins make up approximately 50% of Arabidopsis leaf cell walls (Zablackis et al., 1995;Harholt et al., 2010). They are complex GalA-containing polysaccharides composed of homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I and II, and xylogalacturonan (Mohnen, 2008). HG is typically the most abundant polysaccharide, constituting approximately 65% of the pectin (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al., 2010). HG is a linear homopolymer of 1,4-linked GalA and is synthesized in the Golgi in a highly methylesterified form (Caffall and Mohnen, 2009). Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylesterify HG in the apoplast (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al., 2010). Demethylesterification of pectin is considered t...

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Section: Cell Wall Pectin Is Demethylesterified In Response To Pathogsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Cell Wall Pectin Is Demethylesterified In Response To Pathogmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

et al. 2013

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“…The longevity module contains two tt genes (TT7 and a MATE efflux family protein), although transcript levels of TT7 were not deregulated in a consistent manner in the wrky3 and nfxl1 seeds (data not shown). Alternatively, there is compelling evidence that auxins play a role in the resistance to necrotrophic pathogens via modulation of development such as cell wall properties (Raiola et al, 2011). The presence of W-box and NF-x regulatory ciselements in the promoter regions of IAA regulating genes CYP79B2 and CYP83B1 and the high number of ARFs in the longevity module provide another link between pathogen-related and developmental roles of auxins and offer a new research area for seed biology.…”

Section: Link Between Seed Longevity and Genetic Pathways Regulatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inference of Longevity-Related Genes from a Robust Coexpression Network of Seed Maturation Identifies Regulators Linking Seed Storability to Biotic Defense-Related Pathways

Righetti¹,

Vu²,

Pelletier³

et al. 2015

Plant Cell

118

191

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Seed longevity, the maintenance of viability during storage, is a crucial factor for preservation of genetic resources and ensuring proper seedling establishment and high crop yield. We used a systems biology approach to identify key genes regulating the acquisition of longevity during seed maturation of Medicago truncatula. Using 104 transcriptomes from seed developmental time courses obtained in five growth environments, we generated a robust, stable coexpression network (MatNet), thereby capturing the conserved backbone of maturation. Using a trait-based gene significance measure, a coexpression module related to the acquisition of longevity was inferred from MatNet. Comparative analysis of the maturation processes in M. truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and mining Arabidopsis interaction databases revealed conserved connectivity for 87% of longevity module nodes between both species. Arabidopsis mutant screening for longevity and maturation phenotypes demonstrated high predictive power of the longevity cross-species network. Overrepresentation analysis of the network nodes indicated biological functions related to defense, light, and auxin. Characterization of defense-related wrky3 and nf-x1-like1 (nfxl1) transcription factor mutants demonstrated that these genes regulate some of the network nodes and exhibit impaired acquisition of longevity during maturation. These data suggest that seed longevity evolved by co-opting existing genetic pathways regulating the activation of defense against pathogens.

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Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis of Victoria and flame seedless grape cultivars during berry ripening

et al. 2020

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Grape berry development is a highly coordinated and intricate process. Herein, we analyzed the phenotypic and transcriptomic patterns of Victoria (VT) and Flame Seedless (FS) grape varieties during berry development. Physiological analysis and transcriptomic sequencing were performed at four berry developmental phases. VT berry size was comparatively larger to the FS variety. At maturity, 80 days post-anthesis (DPA), the FS soluble solids were 61.8% higher than VT. Further, 4,889 and 2,802 differentially expressed genes were identified from VT and FS 40 DPA to 80 DPA development stages, respectively. VvSWEET15, VvHXK and MYB44 genes were up-regulated during the post-anthesis period, while bHLH14, linked to glucose metabolism, was gradually down-regulated during berry development. These genes may have significant roles in berry development, ripening and sugar accumulation.

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Pectin Methylesterase Is Induced in Arabidopsis upon Infection and Is Necessary for a Successful Colonization by Necrotrophic Pathogens

Cited by 141 publications

References 54 publications

Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

Inference of Longevity-Related Genes from a Robust Coexpression Network of Seed Maturation Identifies Regulators Linking Seed Storability to Biotic Defense-Related Pathways

Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis of Victoria and flame seedless grape cultivars during berry ripening

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