Pectin and Pectinases: Production, Characterization and Industrial Application of Microbial Pectinolytic Enzymes

Abstract

Pectinases are a big group of enzymes that break down pectic polysaccharides of plant tissues into simpler molecules like galacturonic acids. It has long been used to increase yields and clarity of fruit juices. Since pectic substances are a very complex macromolecule group, various pectinolytic enzymes are required to degrade it completely. These enzymes present differences in their cleavage mode and specificity being basically classified into two main groups that act on pectin "smooth" regions or on pectin "hairy" regions. Pectinases are one of the most widely distributed enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants. This review describes the pectinolytic enzymes and their substrates, the microbial pectinase production and characterization, and the industrial application of these enzymes.

Combinatorial efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens to enhance suppression of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Fusarium wilt of Arachis hypogaea.L

“…Pectic enzymes consist primarily of pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase and pectate lyase (Kawano et al, 1999;Verlent et al, 2004). Pectin methyl esterase (PME) catalyzes the removal of methyl groups at C-6 from esterified anhydrogalacturonosyl units in HG and methanol is released and enzyme is active on methyl esters, where there is a free adjacent carboxyl group (Pedrolli et al, 2009). Polygalacturonases catalyze the hydrolysis of α-(1→4)-glycosidic bonds between adjacent non-esterified D-GalpA units in HG, which leads to substrate depolymerization and viscosity reduction.…”

Purification and characterization of an exo-polygalacturonase secreted by Rhizopus oryzae MTCC 1987 and its role in retting of Crotalaria juncea fibre

“…These are mainly degraded by a group of enzymes referred to as pectinases, which have been classified according to their mode of action and substrate preference into pectin esterases (EC 3.1.1.11), polygalacturonases (PGs; EC 3.2.1.15), pectate lyases (EC 4.2.2.2) and pectin lyases (EC 4.2.2.10) (Yadav et al 2009). Pectinases have been extensively reviewed and have potential applications in clarification of fruit juices, retting of fibre, treatment of pectic waste water, coffee and tea leaf fermentation, oil extraction and virus purifications (Jayani et al 2005;Satyanarayana & Kumar 2005;Payasi et al 2008;Pedrolli et al 2009). …”

Virulence strategies of phytopathogenic bacteria and their role in plant disease pathogenesis

“…Pectin substrate is a complex polysaccharide presents in all plants in the middle lamella of primary cell wall consisting mainly of galacturonic acid residues linked with an α(1-4) glucosidic bond (Pedrolli et al, 2009;Kothari and Baig, 2013). The acid groups are largely esterified with methyl groups.…”