Pectic substance in cotton and its relation to the properties of the fiber

Whistler, Roy L.; Martin, Albert R.; Harris, M.

doi:10.6028/jres.024.033

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…This conclusion is substantiated by direct chemical evidence presented elsewhere [2]. It also appeared from these experiments that the cellulose portion of the fibers dissolved in cuprammonium reagent, leaving no microscopically resolvable particles of the type described by Farr [3], who has stated, however, that the particles are not visible as ordinarily observed, since they are obscured to the point of invisibility by a matrix of colloidal cementing material which surrounds them.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

“…to impair their tensile strength also bring about a lowering of the viscosity in cuprammonium hydroxide solutions [1,2].2 On the basis of the molecular chain theory for the structure of cellulose, this decrease in tensile strength and the accompanying increase in cuprammonium hydroxide fluidity may be regarded as having resulted from a shortening in chain-length of the cellulose molecule. Recently, Farr and her collaborators [3, 4, .5] have brought forth a new explanation based principally on microscopic observations.…”

Section: Journal Oj Research Oj the National Bureau Oj Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microscopic examination of cotton fibers in cuprammonium hydroxide solutions

Hock¹,

Harris²

1940

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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During treatment of cotton with cuprammoniulIl hydroxide solutions, the cellulose dissolves, leaving residues which vary in amount and in structure, depending upon the degree of purification of the fib ers. The undissolved residue from raw and from dewaxed fibers consist s principally of fragmented shells that formed the outer surface of the fibers, and, to a lesser extent, of material from the lumen. Both of these residues are isotropic and stain deeply with ruthenium red. Fibers from which both wax and pectic s ubstance have been removed dissolve in cuprammonium reagent, leaving only a very small amount of isotropic residue which exhibits no definite cytological structure.When a steady flow of cuprammonium hydroxide solution is appli ed to fibers mounted on a slide, the initial s welling of the fibers is followed by the appearance of small ellipsoidal particles which range from 1 to 2}l in size, appear bright between crossed nicols, and become dark in color when stained with iodine and sulfuric acid. Identical particles appe. ar, however, when cuprammonium hydroxide solution is drawn under the cover glass, in the absence of fibers. These particles are formed both in the presence and absence of cotton, and res ult from the exposure of the cuprammonium hydroxide reagent to air. They are washed undcr the cover glass by the fiow of cuprammonium hydroxide and become associated with any fib cr residue on the slide. Formation of these particles may be prevented by lIsing a specially constructed cell which prevents exposure of the reagent. Under thcsc conditions, no particlcs were observed during the slow passage, even for prolonged periods, of the cuprammonium reagent over the cotton fibers.Two cuprammonium hydroxidc solutions, one prepared according to ACS specification, and the other higher in ammonia content, were used in this investigation. It was found that particles formed much more q ui ckl y in the former, and accordingly make it less desirable for microscopic studies of the behavior of cotton fibers in cuprammonium reagent.

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Section: Experimental Procedures and Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Journal Oj Research Oj the National Bureau Oj Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic examination of cotton fibers in cuprammonium hydroxide solutions

Hock¹,

Harris²

1940

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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“…The procedure was essentially the same as that described by Oorey and Gray [10], except that the apparatus of Worner and Mease [11] was employed. These fibers, from which both wax and pectic substance were removed [12], are termed "depectinized fibers. "…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3, B) of the primary wall and, to a lesser extent, of material from the lumen. These residues were isotropic, contained pectic substance [12], and stained deeply with ruthenium red. They were often clumped into accordion-like structures which could be stretched with the needles of a micromanipulator I to form continuous tubes corresponding to the condition in the intact , The angle which the strands made with the axis of the fiber were measured at the center of the fiber by means of a rotating stage marked in degrees.…”

Section: Single Fibers In Cuprammonium Reagentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic structure of the cotton fiber

Hock¹,

Ramsay²,

Harris³

1941

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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During the examination of cotton fibers that had received various chemical treatments, a number of observations pertaining to the structural details of the fiber were made. Those phenomena which appeared to be new were investigated in detail. In addition, experiments described by earlier investigators were repeated in order to have a better composite picture of the structure of the fiber.The cell wall of a cotton fiber consists of a primary and a secondary wall. The latter, which comprises the bulk of the fiber, consists of innumerable spirally oriented cellulose fibrils enclosed by a winding which also makes a spiral, but in the opposite direction from the former. Both the winding and the fibrils reverse their direction at frequent intervals along the axis of the fiber, their points of reversal being coincident. The secondary wall is enclosed by a thin primary wall. The latter is made up of fine crisscrossing strands of cellulose embedded in a membrane consisting principally of wax and pectic substance. The lumen also contains wax and pectic materials, plus various amounts of degenerated protoplasm.When cotton fibers are swollen under certain conditions, a lamellate structure is discernible in the secondary wall. The number of these lamellae increases with the age of the fiber.On treatment of cotton fibers with cuprammonium hydroxide reagent, the cellulose dissolves, leaving residues which vary in amount and in structure, depending upon the extent of purification of the fibers. The residue from raw and from dewaxed fibers consists of fragments of the primary wall, and of a lesser amount of material from the lumen. The behavior of the fibers in the r eagent depends in part on their maturity. Immature fibers containing only small amounts of cellulose swell relatively little in the reagent, and the undissolved wax and pectic materials maintain the original tubular shape of the primary wall. When older fibers are given the same treatment, they swell abruptly, thereby causing the primary wall to break in many places, giving rise to "balloons."Irregular swelling along the fiber axis, which results in the formation of balloons, appears to be dependent in part on the orientation of the fibrils, and in part on the constricting influences of the winding and of the primary wall.

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“…Similar studies have also been made with cotton fibres. Hock & Harris (1940) and Whistler, Martin 8i Harris (1940), using Schweizer's reagent to dissolve the cellulose polysaccharides from raw and dewaxed fibres, showed that the pectic substances which remained insoluble as residual shells were mainly located in the outer layers of the cell. If the fibres were depectinized before treatment with cuprammonium hydroxide solutions, no residues were left.…”

Section: (B) Preferential Solubility Of the Various Materials On Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cell Walls of Higher Plants: Their Composition, Structure and Growth

Northcote

1958

Biological Reviews

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Pectic substance in cotton and its relation to the properties of the fiber

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Microscopic examination of cotton fibers in cuprammonium hydroxide solutions

Microscopic examination of cotton fibers in cuprammonium hydroxide solutions

Microscopic structure of the cotton fiber

The Cell Walls of Higher Plants: Their Composition, Structure and Growth

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