The Cell Walls of Higher Plants: Their Composition, Structure and Growth

Northcote, D. H.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1958.tb01408.x

Cited by 54 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 251 publications

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“…That function is the ability to expand irreversibly or grow in surface area, which secondary walls typically cannot do (Kerr and Bailey 1934;Northcote 1958). According to the results presented here, the outer epidermal wall shows some, but not all, of the compositional features of secondary walls, while possessing the physiological function of a primary wall.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Changes in composition of the outer epidermal cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth

Bret‐Harte

Talbott

1993

Planta

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The gross composition of the outer epidermal cell wall from third internodes of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska grown in dim red light, and the effect of auxin on that composition, was investigated using interference microscopy. Pea outer epidermal walls contain as much cellulose as typical secondary walls, but the proportion of pectin to hemicellulose resembles that found in primary walls. The pectin and hemicellulose fractions from epidermal peels, which are enriched for outer epidermal wall but contain internal tissue as well, are composed of a much higher percentage of glucose and glucose-related sugars than has been found previously for pea primary walls, similar to non-cellulosic carbohydrate fractions of secondary walls. The epidermal outer wall thus has a composition rather like that of secondary walls, while still being capable of elongation. Auxin induces a massive breakdown of hemicellulose in the outer epidermal wall; nearly half the hemicellulose present is lost during 4 h of growth in the absence of exogenous sugar. The percentage breakdown is much greater than has been seen previously for whole pea stems. It has been proposed that a breakdown of xyloglucan could be the basis for the mechanical loosening of the outer wall. This study provides the first evidence that such a breakdown could be occurring in the outer wall.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Changes in composition of the outer epidermal cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth

Bret‐Harte

Talbott

1993

Planta

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“…Other microscopic work on very young meristematic cell walls indicating the presence of cellulose-frame work embedded in non-cellulose material, has been summarized by Frey-Wyssling (11) and more recently by Northcote (12). In most electron microscopic investigations on thin sections however, in order to show the configuration of cellulose fibers, it was necessary to remove the intercellulose substance together with the embedding material, as in the studies by Setterfield and Bailey (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electron Microscopic Investigation into the Effect of EDTA on Plant Cell Wall

Klein

Ginzburg

1960

The Journal of Cell Biology

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To study the effect of EDTA on cell wall structure and the reversal of this effect by uranyl ion, thin sections of pea root tips were examined in the electron microscope. EDTA is known to facilitate separation of the cells in root tips. When sections of fixed and embedded EDTA-treated roots are floated on a uranyl-acetate solution, a loose network is revealed that would seem to be cellulose. Incorporation of uranyl into the roots, if it occurs prior to fixation, brings about recementation of the cells. After such treatment, a marginal darker area and a median brighter one can be observed in the wall, and the whole structure appears more compact again.Comparison of the results of the various treatments suggests that cellulosecementing material is dispersed throughout the entire wall, and that its distribution parallels that of cellulose.

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“…The reaction, as measured by glucose incor poration, is markedly stimulated by GDP-D-mannose (53), and D-mannose is also incorporated into the product. The resulting heterosaccharide may better approximate "cellulose" than would a pure fJ 1,4-glucan, since native cellulose possibly contains covalently linked D-mannose (54).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Complex Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Neufeld¹,

Ginsburg²

1965

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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This review covers recent advances in some fields of current interest, with emphasis on biosynthesis and metabolic controls. Whole areas of research, including transport, transformations of sugars not linked to nuc1eotides, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the degradation of saccharides other than glycogen have been regretfully omitted. SUGAR NUCLEOTIDESIsolation.-The list of sugar nucleotides isolated from natural sources continues to grow. GDP-D-mannuronic acid has been isolated from brown algae (1), CDP-paratose from Salmonella paratyphi A (2), ADP-mannose, ADP-galactose and ADP-N -acetylglucosamine from corn grain (3); and from Azotobacter vinelandii, strain 0, two unusual CDP-linked sugars (a 2-0-methyl-deoxyaldose and a carboxylic acid ester thereof) have been isolated (4). While GDP-D-mannuronic acid and CDP-paratose presumably are intermediates in the synthesis of alginic acid and lipopolysaccharide, respec tively, possible functions of the remaining sugar nucleotides are not so obvious.Phosphorylases.-An enzyme from wheat germ catalyzes the phosphoroly sis of ADP-D-glucose to form ADP and a-D-glucose 1-phosphate (5). Inor ganic phosphate is incorporated into the terminal position of ADP. The reaction, which has not been reversed, goes equally well with ADP-D mannose, more slowly with other ADP sugars, and not at all with some nucleotides including UPD-D-glucose, GDP-D-mannose, and NAD. Another example of this type of reaction is the phosphorolysis of GDP-D-mannose catalyzed by extracts of yeast (6). The significance of these pathways is unknown, but possibly they serve to prevent excessive accumulation of sugar nucleotides. Interestingly, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate can also un dergo phosphorolysis (6a).Pyrophosphorylases.-dTDP-D-galactose pyrophosphorylase activity has been separated from UDP-D-galactose pyrophosphorylase activity in prepa rations from mung bean seedlings (7) and Streptococcus faecalis grown on D-gaiactose (8). CDP-n-glucose pyrophosphorylase (9) and dTDP-n-glucose 1 The survey of literature pertaining to this review was concluded in August 1964. 2 The following abbreviations will be used in the text: ADP, CDP, GDP, IDP, dTDP, and UDP (the diphosphates of adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, ino sine, de oxythymidine, and uridine, respectively); NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); and NADH (its reduced form). 297Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1965.34:297-312. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 02/06/15. For personal use only.Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS

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The Cell Walls of Higher Plants: Their Composition, Structure and Growth

Cited by 54 publications

References 251 publications

Changes in composition of the outer epidermal cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth

Changes in composition of the outer epidermal cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth

An Electron Microscopic Investigation into the Effect of EDTA on Plant Cell Wall

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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