Peat stratigraphy and changes in peat formation during the Holocene in Latvia

Kalniņa, Laimdota; Stivriņš, Normunds; Kuske, Eliza; Ozola, Ilze; Pujate, Agnese; Zeimule, Sandra; Grudzinska, Ieva; Ratniece, Vita

doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.020

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Forest fires are a part of the natural disturbance regime in boreal and hemiboreal and boreal forests, shaping landscape patterns, vegetation dynamics, and biodiversity (Granström 2001;Niklasson and Drakenberg 2001;Kalnina et al 2015;Jogiste et al 2017). In addition to their ecological importance, forest fires have strong socio-economic effects, including economic costs and displacement of people from their homes (Tedim et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The forest fire regime in Latvia during 1922–2014

Donis¹,

Kitenberga²,

Šņepsts³

et al. 2017

Silva Fenn.

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Highlights• Climate effects and human influence on forest fire activity in Latvia was assessed using time-series analysis.• Drought conditions during summer season had the strongest effect on fire activity of tested climatic variables.• Negative trends and spatial distribution pattern of fire activity suggests of prevailing human influence on forest fire regime over the 20th century. AbstractFire as disturbance of forests has an important ecological and economical role in boreal and hemiboreal forests. The occurrence of forest fires is both climatically and anthropogenically determined and shifts in fire regimes are expected due to climate change. Although fire histories have been well documented in boreal regions, there is still insufficient information about fire occurrence in the Baltic States. In this study, spatio-temporal patterns and climatic drivers of forest fires were assessed by means of spatial and time-series analysis. The efficiency of Canadian Fire Weather (FWI) indices as indicators for fire activity was tested. The study was based on data from the literature, archives, and the Latvian State Forest service database. During the period 1922-2014, the occurrence and area affected by forest fires has decreased although the total area of forest land has nearly doubled, suggesting improvement of the fire suppression system as well as changes in socioeconomic situation. The geographical distribution of forest fires revealed two pronounced clusters near the largest cities of Riga and Daugavpils, suggesting dominance of human causes of ignitions. The occurrence of fires was mainly influenced by drought. FWI appeared to be efficient in predicting the fire occurrence: 23-34% of fires occurred on days with a high or extremely high fire danger class, which overall had a relative occurrence of only 4.3-4.6%. During the 20th century, the peak of fire activity shifted from May to April, probably due to global warming and socioeconomic reasons. The results of this study are relevant for forest hazard mitigation and development of fire activity prediction system in Latvia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The forest fire regime in Latvia during 1922–2014

Donis¹,

Kitenberga²,

Šņepsts³

et al. 2017

Silva Fenn.

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“…Aquatic plants, on the other hand, are represented only by least burreed, which generally grows in wetlands, ponds and streams; this indicates intensive overgrowing of the lake. The presence of Nitzschia acicularis in the superficial sediment layers indicates eutrophication, which was found in uppermost layers of Lake Lilaste (10-0 cm) sediments and in Lake Ummis (Staskova et al 2014;Pujate 2015). It should be mentioned that in the upper 40 cm layers of Lake Lilaste and Lake Velnezers sediments appear wood charcoal.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Perhaps it shows the water level fluctuations in Lake Veveri. In comparison, in other lakes it is possible to detect that with the increase of Chara also the number of cladocerans macroremains is increasing in lake sediments (Pujate 2015). Chara and perfoliate pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus can be found in brackish water habitats and calcareous ponds (Godfrey, Wooten 1979).…”

Section: Lake Veverimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through the field and laboratory investigations of lake sediments it is possible to strive for a better understanding of the processes how anthropogenic influence can affect ecosystems and sedimentation conditions. The major patterns of biostratigraphical and geochemical changes are detected by a range of multidisciplinary studies investigating recent environmental changes (Birks et al 2004;Rose et al 2004;Smol et al 2005;Stivrins et al 2014;Kalnina et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Records of the anthropogenic influence on different origin lake sediments of Latvia

Pujate¹,

Stankeviča²,

Kalniņa³

et al. 2015

Baltica

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Sediments in lakes have been formed under the conditions of sensitive ecosystem functions as historical records of micro-and macrocomponents. Besides others, lake sediments preserve macroremain and chemical evidence reflecting environmental changes and human impact. During the last centuries, sediment composition has been influenced by inconsistent urban and industrial developments. This article presents the multi-proxy data obtained from studies of lake sediment composition, chemical analysis and macroremain signatures in the upper sediment layer from tree small lakes of different origin: Lake Lilaste (lagoonal), Lake Velnezers (glaciokarstic), and Lake Veveri (glacial). The studies of lake sediments revealed that human impact is recognisable in the upper sediment layer of all investigated lakes, but at different depth from the sediment surface. The most recognisable traces of anthropogenic influence can be attributed to the increase of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) concentration, number of plant macroremains and charcoal particles in all investigated lake sediments.

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“…In the Bronze Age, climatic conditions in northern Europe were noticeably colder and moister than today (Seppä et al 2009; see also Kalnina et al 2015), and land reclamation work in the last 150 years has drained huge areas of former Estonian wetlands (Iital 2012, Fig 1.10). It was also taken into account that the importance of wetlands in the landscape was remarkably higher in the Bronze Age than today.…”

Section: A T E R I a L A N D M E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern or Random? Contextualising Estonian Bronze Age Bronze Stray Finds on the Landscape

Paavel

2017

Archaeologia Baltica

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KRISTIINA PAAVEL P a t t e r n o r R a n d o m ?C o n t e x t u a l i s i n g E s t o n i a n B r o n z e A g e B r o n z e S t r a y F i n d s o n t h e L a n d s c a p e I n t r o d u c t i o nThe majority of Estonian Bronze Age (1800-500 cal BC) large metal finds consist of approximately 45 objects, mainly axes and spearheads. Most of them, both Early and Late Bronze Age items, were found during construction, cultivation or metal detecting in non-settlement, non-burial contexts. In contrast, bronze finds from settlements are predominantly associated with on-site bronze casting (casting waste, scrap metal), and those from burial sites are of a personal nature (tweezers, razors, buttons, etc). Nearly all bronze finds from clear settlement and burial contexts date from the Late Bronze Age. A connection between stray bronze finds and settlement sites has been suggested on a few occasions, and some items have been associated with possible deposition in bodies of water. In cases of items found decades ago by laymen and in locations not surveyed by archaeologists, the possible archaeological context may have gone unrecognised. In recent years, the growing popularity of metal detectors has brought about a noticeable increase in new finds. Cooperation between detectorists and archaeologists has made it possible to check many find locations, and confirm the lack of an immediately recognisable archaeological context. How did these bronze items then enter the archaeological record? Why were they left on the landscape?Bronze Age metal finds outside settlement and burial contexts are known all over Europe. People have buried or left bronze in the landscape in multiple-object hoards, as well as individually, without reclaiming them. The tradition of depositing bronze objects in wetlands and bodies of water, as well as on dry land, has been identified almost everywhere in Europe, including Scandinavia and the southern Baltic region (e.g. Fontijn 2002;Bliujienė 2010;Yates, Bradley 2010a, 2010bSzabó 2011;Hansen 2013;Melheim, Horn 2014;Rundkvist 2015). The debate about the meaning of this phenomenon, with all its variations over large geographical and temporal distances, is still going on. Some of the currently most popular theories include sacrifice, mundane safe-keeping, conspicuous consumption and memory practice, with the problematic distinction between ritual and secular deposits still forming a large part of the discussion (Melheim 2015a, 85, and references cited therein).For Estonian material, the possibility of stray bronze finds being connected with deposition practices has until now not been systematically explored. Although the items have been studied from a typological perspective, almost no attention has been paid to the find locations, leaving most of the artefacts without a topographical context. This is partly due to the previously insufficient numbers of finds for these questions to even become relevant, and partly due to the lack of technical pos- PAT T E R N O R R A N D O M ? C O N T E X T U A L I S I N G E S...

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Peat stratigraphy and changes in peat formation during the Holocene in Latvia

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

The forest fire regime in Latvia during 1922–2014

The forest fire regime in Latvia during 1922–2014

Records of the anthropogenic influence on different origin lake sediments of Latvia

Pattern or Random? Contextualising Estonian Bronze Age Bronze Stray Finds on the Landscape

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