2 ically large, including rural, urban, suburban and some very remote sites covering customers numbering a few million to a few thousand or even fewer with different degrees of communication availability. Satellites can reach and provide data service over all these areas regardless the geographical conditions. 2) Current communication infrastructures in utilities were built with the most available technologies at the time resulting in an end-to-end path consisting of channels with diverse communication media and physical characteristics (e.g. leased digital fibre, private wire, telephone lines, satellite and mobile radio). Frequent transitions between different media degrade the communication availability and reliability. Adopting a satellite based system as the key technology effectively removes such deleterious impacts.3) The defined control regions across the power distribution network may be very diverse in terms of the number and type of network elements, e.g. DGs, substation transformers and feeders, which results in data traffic over the underlying communication system with different demands and characteristics. Satellite networks have high flexibility and efficiency in bandwidth utilization to meet the requirements of bandwidth-on-demand capability and dynamic channel allocation. 4) Current power distribution networks continue to grow with an increasing number of monitoring and control devices. Satellite networks are flexible enough for easy expansion and reconfiguration to incorporate and manage communication with newly added power network devices by simply installing system interfaces at device premises with a low installation and maintenance cost.
II. RELATED WORKSatellite-based systems have been adopted in power utilities for years and the majority of the research effort (e.g. [10]- [12]) has focused on the use of Geo-stationary (GEO) satellites as a part of the communication infrastructure to provide communication services in power utilities.In [10], a terrestrial-GEO satellite hybrid communication infrastructure is proposed to support dedicated data services for power utilities. In [11], the authors discussed the use of a satellite-based system for wide-area measurement, command and control of power systems and suggested its application to improve the dynamic thermal rating of overhead transmission circuits. In [12], the authors reviewed the incorporation of GEO satellites into existing monitoring, protection and control systems in Energy Management Systems (EMS) and SCADA systems of power utilities. In the aforementioned proposals, the satellite component is expected to operate in areas where terrestrial communication is not available. As a result, it plays a complementary rather than a central role in the overall infrastructure as many critical aspects of GEO technology, notably excessive propagation delay (approximately 250 ms) and high costs, have an effect on the overall performance. On the other hand, recent advances in LEO satellite systems provide several outstanding advantages over GEO bas...