PCR-ribotype distribution of Clostridium difficile in Irish pigs

Stein, K. Viktoria; Egan, Sarah A.; Lynch, Helen; Harmanus, Céline; Kyne, Lorraine; Herra, C. M.; McDermott, Sinead; Kuijper, Ed J.; Fitzpatrick, Fidelma; Fitzgerald, Susan; Fenelon, Lynda; Drudy, Denise

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.10.004

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the present study, we isolated 31 C . difficile strains from pigs at a rate of 7.8%, which was significantly lower than previously reported rates of 36% ~ 50% [34, 35]. This difference can be accounted for by the animal ages since the prevalence of C .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

The first isolation of Clostridium difficile RT078/ST11 from pigs in China

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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We investigated the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from animals in China. We obtained 538 rectal swabs from pigs, chickens and ducks in 5 provinces during 2015 and 2016. C . difficile isolates were characterized by detection of toxin genes, multilocus sequence typing and ribotyping. And antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the agar dilution method. Out of 538 samples, 44 (8.2%) were C . difficile positive with high prevalence in pigs (n = 31). Among these, 39 (88.6%) were toxigenic including 14 (31.8%) that were A + B + CDT + and 13 (29.5%) A + B + . The remaining 12 (27.3%) were A - B + . We identified 7 ST types and 6 PCR ribotypes. The most predominant type was ST11/RT078 with toxin profile A + B + CDT + and all were isolated from piglets with diarrhea. ST109 isolates possessed two different toxigenic profiles (A - B - CDT - and A - B + CDT - ) and although it was not the most prevalent sequence type, but it was widely distributed between chickens, ducks and pigs in the 5 provinces. All C . difficile isolates were fully susceptible to vancomycin, metronidazole, fidaxomicin, amoxicillin/clavulanate and meropenem but retained resistance to 4 or 5 of the remaining antibiotics, especially cefotaxime, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin. The RT078/ST11 isolates were simultaneously resistant to cefotaxime, tetracycline, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin and imipenem. This is the first report of the molecular epidemiology of C . difficile isolated from food animals in China. We identified the epidemic strain RT078/ST11 as the predominate isolate among the animals we screened in our study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

The first isolation of Clostridium difficile RT078/ST11 from pigs in China

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Rates in 1-to 14-d-old piglets of 27-100% have been reported, 4,6,17,19,46,52,57,71,75,78,97,98,115,126,128,137 with rates declining rapidly to 0-4% in finisher pigs. 4,16,34,52,55,69,98,108 However, isolation rates from sows of 4-50% have been reported, 46,57,69,78,97,98,128 perhaps related to the stress of pregnancy and parturition. Reasons for the marked effect of age have not been investigated, but this pattern is consistent with various other species and is likely related to the protective gut microbiota, which becomes established in the first weeks to months of life.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These 3 ribotypes have been the sole or predominant strains identified in studies of livestock in North America, Europe, and Asia. 4,6,9,17,56,66,67,69,78,98,115,128,137,141,148 Yet, although ribotype 078 predominates, a wide range of strains can be identified, including other strains found in humans with CDI. 6,8,97 As in some other animal species, the ribotype distribution is different in Australia, where ribotype 078 is rare to nonexistent and various strains can be found, including some unusual strains such as ribotype 237.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium(Clostridioides)difficilein animals

Weese

2020

J VET Diagn Invest

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Clostridium ( Clostridioides) difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is an important cause of disease in people, a variably important cause of disease in some animal species, and an apparently harmless commensal in others. Regardless of whether it is a known pathogen in a particular species, it can also be found in healthy individuals, sometimes at high prevalences and typically with higher rates of carriage in young individuals. As it is investigated in more animal species, it is apparent that this bacterium is widely disseminated in a diverse range of domestic and wild animal species. Although it can be found in most species in which investigations have been performed, there are pronounced intra- and inter-species differences in prevalence and clinical relevance. A wide range of strains can be identified, some that appear to be animal associated and others that are found in humans and animals. A large percentage of strains that cause disease in people can at least sporadically be found in animals. It is a potentially important zoonotic pathogen, but there is limited direct evidence of animal–human transmission. Although C. difficile has been studied extensively over the past few decades, it remains an enigmatic organism in many ways.

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“…Unlike the lethal hamster model, piglets are natural hosts to CDI, and display symptoms similar to human infections. Recent studies have highlighted CDI burden in agriculture, and its impact on the swine industry ( Grzeskowiak et al, 2016 ; Stein et al, 2017 ; Kim et al, 2018 ). Our preliminary studies in this model are promising: as with the hamster studies, Syn-LAB was delivered and maintained in the piglets with ease, with the biologic being shed in the stool consistently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Engineered Synthetic Biologic Protects Against Clostridium difficile Infection

et al. 2018

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Morbidity and mortality attributed to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have increased over the past 20 years. Currently, antibiotics are the only US FDA-approved treatment for primary C. difficile infection, and these are, ironically, associated with disease relapse and the threat of burgeoning drug resistance. We previously showed that non-toxin virulence factors play key roles in CDI, and that colonization factors are critical for disease. Specifically, a C. difficile adhesin, Surface Layer Protein A (SlpA) is a major contributor to host cell attachment. In this work, we engineered Syn-LAB 2.0 and Syn-LAB 2.1, two synthetic biologic agents derived from lactic acid bacteria, to stably and constitutively express a host-cell binding fragment of the C. difficile adhesin SlpA on their cell-surface. Both agents harbor conditional suicide plasmids expressing a codon-optimized chimera of the lactic acid bacterium’s cell-wall anchoring surface-protein domain, fused to the conserved, highly adherent, host-cell-binding domain of C. difficile SlpA. Both agents also incorporate engineered biocontrol, obviating the need for any antibiotic selection. Syn-LAB 2.0 and Syn-LAB 2.1 possess positive biophysical and in vivo properties compared with their parental antecedents in that they robustly and constitutively display the SlpA chimera on their cell surface, potentiate human intestinal epithelial barrier function in vitro, are safe, tolerable and palatable to Golden Syrian hamsters and neonatal piglets at high daily doses, and are detectable in animal feces within 24 h of dosing, confirming robust colonization. In combination, the engineered strains also delay (in fixed doses) or prevent (when continuously administered) death of infected hamsters upon challenge with high doses of virulent C. difficile. Finally, fixed-dose Syn-LAB ameliorates diarrhea in a non-lethal model of neonatal piglet enteritis. Taken together, our findings suggest that the two synthetic biologics may be effectively employed as non-antibiotic interventions for CDI.

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PCR-ribotype distribution of Clostridium difficile in Irish pigs

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

The first isolation of Clostridium difficile RT078/ST11 from pigs in China

The first isolation of Clostridium difficile RT078/ST11 from pigs in China

Clostridium(Clostridioides)difficilein animals

An Engineered Synthetic Biologic Protects Against Clostridium difficile Infection

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