PCR-based Approaches for the Detection of Clinical Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that can cause a variety of infections, including superficial and systematic infections, in humans and animals. The persistent emergence of multidrug resistant S. aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus, has caused dramatically economic burden and concerns in the public health due to limited options of treatment of MRSA infections. In order to make a correct choice of treatment for physicians and understand the prevalence of MRSA, it is extremely critical to precisely and timely diagnose the pathogen that induces a specific infection of patients and to reveal the antibiotic resistant profile of the pathogen. In this review, we outlined different PCR-based approaches that have been successfully utilized for the rapid detection of S. aureus, including MRSA and MSSA, directly from various clinical specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of detections were pointed out. Both advantages and disadvantages of listed approaches were discussed. Importantly, an alternative approach is necessary to further confirm the detection results from the molecular diagnostic assays.

A New Combination of a Pleuromutilin Derivative and Doxycycline for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

“…The rplC gene fragment was amplified using A. baumannii rplC specific primers and sequenced. 55,56 The DNA sequencing results were blasted against rplC DNA sequence of A. baumannii in the NIH genetic sequence database. The DNA sequence alignment revealed a C456A single nucleotide mutation, which corresponded to N152K mutation in the protein sequence of RplC (Figure 6).…”

Molecular Level Investigation of Staphylococci’s Resistance Mechanisms to Antibiotics

“…6). Even though, it is well known that femA gene exists in S. aureus and is absent in coagulase negative staphylococcus strains, the gene being successfully considered for detection of MRSA (Oshima et al, 1993;Liu et al, 2016), the results showed in this case that femA gene was not detected in any of the isolates tested.…”

Using multiplex PCR as a diagnostic tool to detect methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has caused many problems in patients due to it multidrug resistance. MRSA strains have been detected since the early 1960s, soon after methicillin became clinically available [1,2]. MRSA continues to increase in the health facilities and it has undergone rapid epidemiological development, spreading outside the boundaries of hospitals.…”

“…MRSA continues to increase in the health facilities and it has undergone rapid epidemiological development, spreading outside the boundaries of hospitals. Due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics, new drugs options have been considered to help reduce the morbidity and mortality rates caused by MRSA [2][3][4][5].…”

“…In order to determine the best treatment option, timely diagnosis and uncovering the antimicrobial resistance profile is very important [1,2]. Molecular methods for identification of MRSA have been based on the of the mecA gene, which is associated with methicillin resistance and encodes the penicillinbinding protein 2a (PBP-2a).…”