Breast tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis which tends to affect females of reproductive age, and is much rarer in males, postmenopausal women, and pre-pubescent girls. It is difficult to diagnose because it can mimic benign conditions such as a fibroadenoma, as well as malignant diseases like a carcinoma. It is also particularly difficult to distinguish breast tuberculosis from granulomatous mastitis, so other possible diagnoses should be ruled out first. The diagnosis of breast tuberculosis has three essential pillars: clinical examination, radiological evaluations, and histopathological sampling. Radiological evaluations are not only critical in diagnosis but are also important in the planning of the treatment and during the follow-up. This paper aims to review the imaging findings and the differential diagnosis of breast tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) primarily affects the lungs, but some of its most devastating clinical consequences arise because of its ability to spread from the lungs to other organs. Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) constitutes 15–20% of all TB cases. Imaging findings are not always specific and can mimic many diseases; therefore, EPTB should be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly in patients with immune system disorders (AIDS, patients receiving chemotherapy, etc.) and those in other high-risk groups including people with diabetes. The bacterium's passage to the regional lymph nodes is essential for developing a protective T-cell-mediated immune response, but the bacterium can spread hematologically and via the lymphatic system, leading to extrapulmonary involvement. Diagnosis of EPTB in high-risk patients is made based on suspected clinical and radiological findings, but further positive culture and histopathological confirmation may be required in some instances. Radiological evaluations are critical for diagnosis and crucial in planning the treatment and follow-up. This paper aims to review the typical and atypical imaging features and the differential diagnosis of EPTB.

Parotitis may have occurred after retrograde air flow in the Stensen duct during CPAP application. After the exclusion of possible viral and bacteriological etiologies and possible drug reactions we can focus on this diagnosis.

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Material and methodsThis study has a retrospective design and the approval of the local Ethics Committee was obtained. Patients who Abstract Aim: In brucellosis the male genitourinary system can be affected in a small number of patients. In this study we aimed to identify, discuss and compare the radiologic findings of 24 cases with Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) and 285 cases with non-Brucella epididymis orchitis (NBEO). Material and methods: The study had a retrospective design. The area of involvement, side of involvement (left, right or bilateral), presence of abscess, hydrocele and testicular involvement pattern were analyzed and compared between the BEO and NBEO cases. Results: The median age of the included cases was 33 years, with a minimum of 0 and maximum of 89. Epididymo-orchitis and isolated orchitis were more frequent in BEO cases while isolated epididymis involvement was more common in patients with non-BEO (p=0.0117). Bilateral involvement was present in 20.8% and 4.6% cases in the BEO and non-BEO groups, respectively (p=0.008). The frequency of abscess was significantly higher in BEO cases (p=0.003). Conclusion: Although the radiological indications of BEO are similar to those of other types of epididymo-orchitis, abscess formation, bilateral involvement and testicular involvement contribute significantly to diagnosis.