PCBs in Great Lakes sediments, determined by positive matrix factorization

Soonthornnonda, Puripus; Zou, Yonghong; Christensen, Erik R.; Li, An

doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2010.11.003

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…In this work, the PMF analysis was carried out as in Soonthornnonda et al () using the MATLAB‐based PMF program. Unmix analysis was executed on the EPA Unmix 6.0 software package (United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic pattern analysis of polybromodiphenyl ethers in Great Lakes sediments: a combination of eigenspace projection and positive matrix factorization analysis

Zou

Christensen

2012

Environmetrics

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A new idea in receptor modeling is proposed, which utilizes a geometric eigenspace projection combined with a mild alternative matrix updating technique. The eigenspace projection determines the sources or characteristic patterns as vertices that can span all measurements in a multidimensional eigenspace. The mild alternative matrix updating algorithm refines the results determined by the eigenspace projection to generate the optimized source profiles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was adopted to suggest initial characteristic patterns. The advantage of the eigenspace projection method, compared with a purely computational matrix updating method, is that it can substantially avoid rotational ambiguity. The matrix refining step can effectively minimize data uncertainties. The application of this method has been illustrated step by step through a case study on determination of polybromodiphenyl ether (PBDE) characteristic congener patterns in the sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. The number of factors was determined to be five for the Great Lakes PBDE 2002 data set. The sum of squares of error and coefficient of determination (r2) suggested that the results obtained using this method are better than those from three known sources or the initial application of PMF. The factors represent deca (Saytex 102E), penta (DE‐71), and octa (DE‐79) technical PBDE mixtures as sources and two degradation factors that may have been generated by both photolysis and biological debromination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic pattern analysis of polybromodiphenyl ethers in Great Lakes sediments: a combination of eigenspace projection and positive matrix factorization analysis

Zou

Christensen

2012

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“…PMF is a multivariate factor analysis tool developed by Paatero and Tapper (1994) in the early 1990s. It has been employed in different research efforts as an alternative to factor analysis (FA, such as the principal component analysis), including bulk wet deposition in Finland (Anttila et al 1995), airborne fine particles (Kim and Hopke 2007;Xie et al 2012), organic aerosol (Ulbrich et al 2009), PAHs in the soils in Dalian and Shanghai, China (Wang et al 2009;Wang et al 2013), and PCBs in the sediments in USA (Soonthornnonda et al 2011). The factor loadings and factor scores may be negative in the traditional factor analysis model (e.g., PCA).…”

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confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural soils of Dongjiang River Basin: occurrence, source apportionment, and potential human health risk

2013

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Purpose A comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Dongjiang River Basin (DRB) soils and to evaluate their sources and ecological and health risk. In addition, factors affecting the distribution and fate of PAHs in the soils such as emission density, soil organic matter, degradation, etc. were studied. Materials and methods Surface soil (0-20 cm) samples from 30 sampling sites in the rural areas of DRB were collected and analyzed for 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 EPA priority PAHs and perylene). Positive matrix factorization model was used to investigate the source apportionment of these PAHs, and an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was used to estimate the integrated lifetime risks of exposure to soil-borne PAHs through direct ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation collectively. Results and discussion The total PAH concentrations in the rural soils in DRB range from 23.5 to 231 μg/kg with a mean concentration of 116 μg/kg. The predominant PAHs in the rural soils were naphthalene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. Cluster analysis was performed to classify the soil PAHs into three clusters, which could be indicative of the soil PAHs with different origins and different properties. Source apportionment results showed that coal, biomass, oil, commercial creosotes, and vehicle contributed 24 %, 24 %, 17 %, 17 %, and 18 % of the total soil PAH burden, respectively. The ILCR results indicated that exposure to these soil-borne PAHs through direct ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation collectively produces some risk. Conclusions PAHs in the soils of the DRB will produce long-term influences on rivers and oceans via soil erosion and river transport. Therefore, PAHs in rural soils of DRB have potential impacts on the water supply and human health risk.

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“…20 The presence of Aroclor 1254 in Mallards from this area is consistent with PCB mixtures identied as major contaminant in Lake Ontario. [21][22][23] Average congener distributions in the livers obtained by the present study are shown in Fig. 2.…”

Section: Pcb Contamination Of Great Lakes Mallardsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Field confirmation of modified pressurized solvent extraction vessels for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in blood samples from Great Lakes Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

Haskins

Kelly

Weir

2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Miniaturized pressurized solvent extraction vessels were used to examine polychlorinated biphenyl congener (PCB) concentrations in 0.2 g sample sizes of whole blood, liver, heart and breast tissue sampled from twelve Great Lakes Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). This study successfully supported the blood extraction method, previously validated only using laboratory prepared blood samples, using field samples. In situ clean-up offered excellent sample throughput without degradation of GC-MS performance; using this method, extraction, instrument analysis and data interpretation for 100 samples could be accomplished within a one to two week time period. Results indicated contamination in the blood (∑PCB = 1.9-13 ng g(-1) ww), liver (∑PCB = 0.8-11 ng g(-1) ww), breast (∑PCB = <0.1-9 ng g(-1) ww) and heart tissue (∑PCB = <0.1-6 ng g(-1) ww). Quality control included the analysis of blank samples, NIST SRM 1589a and a duplicate of each sample type (blood or tissue). All blank samples were below the method detection limit, SRM values were within 70% of their certified values and duplicates were within 70% of each other. Correlations were examined for the suite of analysed congeners between blood and various tissues; within select individuals a strong and significant correlation was observed. TEQs were calculated and compared against known toxicity data for bird species. Based on the PCB levels found in this study, no adverse health effects are expected in the birds themselves. ∑PCB concentrations in the breast tissue were also compared against both the Canadian and American guidelines for the consumption of edible poultry and based on these values, the Mallards used in this research would be safe for human consumption.

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PCBs in Great Lakes sediments, determined by positive matrix factorization

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Characteristic pattern analysis of polybromodiphenyl ethers in Great Lakes sediments: a combination of eigenspace projection and positive matrix factorization analysis

Characteristic pattern analysis of polybromodiphenyl ethers in Great Lakes sediments: a combination of eigenspace projection and positive matrix factorization analysis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural soils of Dongjiang River Basin: occurrence, source apportionment, and potential human health risk

Field confirmation of modified pressurized solvent extraction vessels for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in blood samples from Great Lakes Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

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