Patterns of site-specific displacement in cancer mortality among migrants: the Chinese in the United States.

Mechanisms of Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer Patients in Different Age Groups

“…We found that most MSI tumors in the young group were located distal to the splenic flexure. This finding contradicts those from some previous reports 22,48 but confirms those from two other series. 40,43 In the Ho et al series, most MSI CRCs in patients under 30 were also located distal to the splenic flexure.…”

“…However, the higher proportion of colon cancer compared to rectal cancer in countries with high agestandardized incidence rates for CRC compared with countries with low rates, 45,46 the proximal shift of tumors associated with the increased incidence of CRC observed in migrant studies, [47][48][49][50] and the proximal shift in CRC associated with the increase in the agestandardized incidence rates for CRC observed in the United States in the last 50 years 51 suggest that the proximal shift of colon cancers with increasing age is probably related to environmental factors. Evidence suggesting an interaction between DNA methylation and environmental factors such as micronutrients, chemotherapeutic agents, and metals allows us to speculate that the proximal shift in the distribution of CRC can be attributed to an altered DNA methylation secondary to environmental exposure.…”

Cancer mortality in East and Southeast Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia, 1975–1995

“…Restriction of the excess risk of death from lung cancer to East Asian-born women is in agreement with published incidence data from China and with previous studies of migrants (Wang et al, 1989;Bouchardy et al, 1994;Stellman and Wang, 1994). No fall in the excess risk was seen over time in the present study nor was there any decline in risk between female Chinese migrants to the USA and their US-born female offspring (King et al, 1985). The aetiological factor responsible for this excess, not yet identified but thought not to be tobacco (Wu-Williams et al, 1990;Liu, 1992), appears, on data presented here, possibly to be genetic, to have its influence early in life, or to be related to a cultural characteristic that is strongly maintained.…”

“…Liver cancer has a markedly higher incidence throughout East and Southeast Asia (20Ð95 per 100 000) than in Australia (1Ð3 per 100 000; Parkin et al, 1997). For both these cancers, substantially higher rates than in the country of adoption have been reported for Chinese migrants to the USA (King and Haenszel, 1973;King et al, 1985;Stellman and Wang, 1994;Fang et al, 1996) and Canada (Wang et al, 1989), Chinese and Southeast Asian migrants to France (Bouchardy et al, 1994), Japanese migrants to the USA (Locke and King, 1980) and Vietnamese migrants to the USA (Ross et al, 1991) or to England and Wales (Swerdlow, 1991). None of these studies examined trends in risk over time since migration.…”

“…None of these studies examined trends in risk over time since migration. However, among the Chinese population in the USA, rates of nasopharyngeal and liver cancers were lower in the offspring of migrants than in the migrants themselves (King and Haenszel, 1973;Yu et al, 1981;King et al, 1985).…”