Pattern of Cell Proliferation During Budding in the Colonial Ascidian Diplosoma listerianum

Sköld, Helén Nilsson; Stach, Thomas; Bishop, John D. D.; Herbst, Eva C.; Thorndyke, Michael C.

doi:10.1086/bblv221n1p126

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This may present an opportunity for adjacent allogeneic zooids to bud in the place of regressed zooids from a fusion partner, driving shifts in the genotypic composition of the chimeric colony. While there is considerable taxonomic and seasonal variability in the timing of regression and regeneration cycles among didemnid ascidians, the 2‐week period during which these changes occurred falls within the range of observed regenerative cycles for other didemnid species (Sköld, Stach, Bishop, Herbst, & Thorndyke, ; Turon, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Genotypic variability following fusion in the invasive colonial tunicate Didemnum vexillum

Weinberg

Clancy

Cohen

2019

Invertebrate Biology

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Fusion to form a chimera has been documented in many marine invertebrate taxa, including poriferans, cnidarians, bryozoans, and colonial ascidians. Allogenic interactions in chimeric ascidian colonies vary widely across taxonomic groups but are poorly characterized in the invasive colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum. The moderate level of discrimination expressed in the fusion–rejection response of D. vexillum suggests that there is some integration of cells beyond the fusion line in a chimeric colony. We tracked the shifts in representation of microsatellite alleles between fused colonies of D. vexillum to elucidate the extent of genotypic integration in fused colonies and the patterns of changes to the genotypic composition of colonies immediately following chimera formation. By genotyping colonies before and after fusion, we found that allogeneic fusion in D. vexillum may lead to genotypic changes beyond the visible fusion line. Alleles from one colony were found in multiple tissue samples in the chimera 7–10 days after fusion had occurred. In some instances, alleles that were in a single colony prior to fusion were lost following fusion. We observed multiple patterns of allelic change, including both the unidirectional transfer and reciprocal exchange of alleles between fused colonies. Our findings suggest that tissue or cells are exchanged following allogeneic fusion between colonies of D. vexillum and that the genotypic composition of chimeric colonies may be fluid.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Genotypic variability following fusion in the invasive colonial tunicate Didemnum vexillum

Weinberg

Clancy

Cohen

2019

Invertebrate Biology

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“…Investigated members of Didemnidae show an exceptional mode of budding – pyloric budding. A new thorax and abdomen are formed through epicardial budding; although the new thorax connects with the old abdomen, the new abdomen connects with the old thorax (Berrill, ; Sköld et al., ; Groepler and Stach, ). Type of strobilation: (0) abdominal; (1) postabdominal. Members of Polyclinidae possess a tripartite body and strobilation is located in the postabdomen.…”

Section: List Of Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of phenotypic characters of Tunicata supports basal Appendicularia and monophyletic Ascidiacea

2019

Self Cite

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With approximately 3000 marine species, Tunicata represents the most disparate subtaxon of Chordata. Molecular phylogenetic studies support Tunicata as sister taxon to Craniota, rendering it pivotal to understanding craniate evolution. Although successively more molecular data have become available to resolve internal tunicate phylogenetic relationships, phenotypic data have not been utilized consistently. Herein these shortcomings are addressed by cladistically analyzing 117 phenotypic characters for 49 tunicate species comprising all higher tunicate taxa, and five craniate and cephalochordate outgroup species. In addition, a combined analysis of the phenotypic characters with 18S rDNA-sequence data is performed in 32 OTUs. The analysis of the combined data is congruent with published molecular analyses. Successively up-weighting phenotypic characters indicates that phenotypic data contribute disproportionally more to the resulting phylogenetic hypothesis. The strict consensus tree from the analysis of the phenotypic characters as well as the single most parsimonious tree found in the analysis of the combined dataset recover monophyletic Appendicularia as sister taxon to the remaining tunicate taxa. Thus, both datasets support the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of Tunicata was free-living and that ascidian sessility is a derived trait within Tunicata. "Thaliacea" is found to be paraphyletic with Pyrosomatida as sister taxon to monophyletic Ascidiacea and the relationship between Doliolida and Salpida is unresolved in the analysis of morphological characters; however, the analysis of the combined data reconstructs Thaliacea as monophyletic nested within paraphyletic "Ascidiacea". Therefore, both datasets differ in the interpretation of the evolution of the complex holoplanktonic life history of thaliacean taxa. According to the phenotypic data, this evolution occurred in the plankton, whereas from the combined dataset a secondary transition into the plankton from a sessile ascidian is inferred. Besides these major differences, both analyses are in accord on many phylogenetic groupings, although both phylogenetic reconstructions invoke a high degree of homoplasy. In conclusion, this study represents the first serious attempt to utilize the potential phylogenetic information present in phenotypic characters to elucidate the inter-relationships of this diverse marine taxon in a consistent cladistic framework.

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“…In particular, Tbx1/10 + and Ebf + cells are localized in a set of mesenchymal cells between the dorsal tube and the epidermis. These cells have been previously described in Botryllus and Diplosoma as neural precursors, which migrate and cluster forming the cerebral ganglion [52, 53]. However, the sequential expression—both temporal and spatial—of Tbx1/10, Ebf, and Mrf during bud development suggests that these cells migrate from the dorsal tube toward the lateral mantle, aligning where the future muscle fibers form.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Modular co-option of cardiopharyngeal genes during non-embryonic myogenesis

Prünster

Ricci

Brown

et al. 2019

EvoDevo

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Background In chordates, cardiac and body muscles arise from different embryonic origins. In addition, myogenesis can be triggered in adult organisms, during asexual development or regeneration. In non-vertebrate chordates like ascidians, muscles originate from embryonic precursors regulated by a conserved set of genes that orchestrate cell behavior and dynamics during development. In colonial ascidians, besides embryogenesis and metamorphosis, an adult can propagate asexually via blastogenesis, skipping embryo and larval stages, and form anew the adult body, including the complete body musculature. Results To investigate the cellular origin and mechanisms that trigger non-embryonic myogenesis, we followed the expression of ascidian myogenic genes during Botryllus schlosseri blastogenesis and reconstructed the dynamics of muscle precursors. Based on the expression dynamics of Tbx1/10 , Ebf, Mrf, Myh3 for body wall and of FoxF, Tbx1/10, Nk4, Myh2 for heart development, we show that the embryonic factors regulating myogenesis are only partially co-opted in blastogenesis, and that markers for muscle precursors are expressed in two separate domains: the dorsal tube and the ventral mesenchyma. Conclusions Regardless of the developmental pathway, non-embryonic myogenesis shares a similar molecular and anatomical setup as embryonic myogenesis, but implements a co-option and loss of molecular modules. We then propose that the cellular precursors contributing to heart and body muscles may have different origins and may be coordinated by different developmental pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-019-0116-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Pattern of Cell Proliferation During Budding in the Colonial Ascidian Diplosoma listerianum

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Genotypic variability following fusion in the invasive colonial tunicate Didemnum vexillum

Genotypic variability following fusion in the invasive colonial tunicate Didemnum vexillum

Phylogenetic analysis of phenotypic characters of Tunicata supports basal Appendicularia and monophyletic Ascidiacea

Modular co-option of cardiopharyngeal genes during non-embryonic myogenesis

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