“…In their experiments, the crystals formed initially at the periphery but were later pushed towards the center. The conflicting findings of Dutta Choudhury et al [24] and Shahidzadeh et al may be due to finer details of the experiment. It is possible that fine imperfections/roughness on the surface in the case of the former group pinned the NaCl crystals at the drop periphery, without allowing them to be pushed inward.…”
Section: Evaporation Of a Saltcontrasting
confidence: 46%
“…Sodium chloride in gelatinized potato starch solution forms dendrites or hopper crystals of different morphology, depending on experimental conditions [24]. In gelatin, two distinct modes of pattern formation were observed [26,142].…”
Section: Evaporation Of a Complex Fluid Drop Containing Saltmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Dutta Choudhury et al [24,26] evaporated droplets of aqueous NaCl solution of different concentrations on a hydrophilic substrate. They found that the capillary flow dominates here and the salt collects along the pinned TPCL in the form of a ring of cubic crystals.…”
Section: Evaporation Of a Saltmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inclusions may be salts, nanoparticles in the form of nanorods, nanotubes, or any other shape, starches, proteins, and so on. Patterns formed can range from a simple ring at the periphery of the droplet, the so-called coffee ring [22,23], to multiple rings forming bands, fractal and multifractal aggregates of salt crystals, or nanoparticles [24][25][26][27]. In addition, the dried drop may develop crack patterns [8,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], which can also be induced by external fields [35,44].…”
This review is devoted to the simple process of drying a multicomponent droplet of a complex fluid which may contain salt or other inclusions. These processes provide a fascinating subject for study. The explanation of the rich variety of patterns formed is not only an academic challenge but also a problem of practical importance, as applications are growing in medical diagnosis and improvement of coating/printing technology. The fundamental scientific problem is the study of the mechanism of microand nanoparticle self-organization in open systems. The specific fundamental problems to be solved, related to this system, are the investigation of the mass transfer processes, the formation and evolution of phase fronts, and the identification of mechanisms of pattern formation. The drops of liquid containing dissolved substances and suspended particles are assumed to be drying on a horizontal solid insoluble smooth substrate. The chemical composition and macroscopic properties of the complex fluid, the concentration and nature of the salt, the surface energy of the substrate, and the interaction between the fluid and substrate which determines the wetting all affect the final morphology of the dried film. The range of our study encompasses the fully wetting case with zero contact angle between the fluid and substrate to the case where the drop is levitated in space, so there is no contact with a substrate and angle of contact can be considered as 180 ∘ .
“…In their experiments, the crystals formed initially at the periphery but were later pushed towards the center. The conflicting findings of Dutta Choudhury et al [24] and Shahidzadeh et al may be due to finer details of the experiment. It is possible that fine imperfections/roughness on the surface in the case of the former group pinned the NaCl crystals at the drop periphery, without allowing them to be pushed inward.…”
Section: Evaporation Of a Saltcontrasting
confidence: 46%
“…Sodium chloride in gelatinized potato starch solution forms dendrites or hopper crystals of different morphology, depending on experimental conditions [24]. In gelatin, two distinct modes of pattern formation were observed [26,142].…”
Section: Evaporation Of a Complex Fluid Drop Containing Saltmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Dutta Choudhury et al [24,26] evaporated droplets of aqueous NaCl solution of different concentrations on a hydrophilic substrate. They found that the capillary flow dominates here and the salt collects along the pinned TPCL in the form of a ring of cubic crystals.…”
Section: Evaporation Of a Saltmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inclusions may be salts, nanoparticles in the form of nanorods, nanotubes, or any other shape, starches, proteins, and so on. Patterns formed can range from a simple ring at the periphery of the droplet, the so-called coffee ring [22,23], to multiple rings forming bands, fractal and multifractal aggregates of salt crystals, or nanoparticles [24][25][26][27]. In addition, the dried drop may develop crack patterns [8,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], which can also be induced by external fields [35,44].…”
This review is devoted to the simple process of drying a multicomponent droplet of a complex fluid which may contain salt or other inclusions. These processes provide a fascinating subject for study. The explanation of the rich variety of patterns formed is not only an academic challenge but also a problem of practical importance, as applications are growing in medical diagnosis and improvement of coating/printing technology. The fundamental scientific problem is the study of the mechanism of microand nanoparticle self-organization in open systems. The specific fundamental problems to be solved, related to this system, are the investigation of the mass transfer processes, the formation and evolution of phase fronts, and the identification of mechanisms of pattern formation. The drops of liquid containing dissolved substances and suspended particles are assumed to be drying on a horizontal solid insoluble smooth substrate. The chemical composition and macroscopic properties of the complex fluid, the concentration and nature of the salt, the surface energy of the substrate, and the interaction between the fluid and substrate which determines the wetting all affect the final morphology of the dried film. The range of our study encompasses the fully wetting case with zero contact angle between the fluid and substrate to the case where the drop is levitated in space, so there is no contact with a substrate and angle of contact can be considered as 180 ∘ .
“…[1][2][3][4] Drying salt in colloidal gel develops aggregating systems and draws a keen attention for scientific and industrial purposes, 5,6 for e.g. to ensure the sustained growth of evenly dispersed pigments in a solution during drying, it is important to control the distribution of solute, 7 crystallographic deposition of metal salts in biological fluid is important to know its physiochemical properties, 8 study of blood drop evaporation 9,10 is helpful in diagnosis of several diseases.…”
A drying droplet changes its morphological pattern depending upon complex pattern forming system. To control the distribution of solute particles in a droplet during drying is an important aspect in many scientific and industrial purposes. In this work, with the help of optical microscopy, we study characteristic patterns generated in dried drops of colloidal copper sulphate (CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O) solution on surface of glass. At lower concentration of salt solution the growth pattern follows a monofractal structure whereas at higher concentration, the selfassembled pattern gradually gets disappeared. Calculating the fractal dimension (FD) of the generated patterns by box counting method with help of imageJ, it is observed that the patterns resemble DLA structure through a specific range of concentration of the salt solution.
A large number of infectious diseases are transmitted by respiratory droplets. How long these droplets persist in the air, how far they can travel, and how long the pathogens they might carry survive are all decisive factors for the spread of droplet-borne diseases. The subject is extremely multifaceted and its aspects range across different disciplines, yet most of them have only seldom been considered in the physics community. In this review, we discuss the physical principles that govern the fate of respiratory droplets and any viruses trapped inside them, with a focus on the role of relative humidity. Importantly, low relative humidity—as encountered, for instance, indoors during winter and inside aircraft—facilitates evaporation and keeps even initially large droplets suspended in air as aerosol for extended periods of time. What is more, relative humidity affects the stability of viruses in aerosol through several physical mechanisms such as efflorescence and inactivation at the air-water interface, whose role in virus inactivation nonetheless remains poorly understood. Elucidating the role of relative humidity in the droplet spread of disease would permit us to design preventive measures that could aid in reducing the chance of transmission, particularly in indoor environment.
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