Patógenos Involucrados en Casos Fatales de Diarrea en Crías de Alpaca de la Sierra Central del Perú

Abstract

Se evaluó la presencia de enteropatógenos en 60 crías de alpacas de 1 a 2.5 meses de edad con cuadros mortales de diarrea de las regiones de Pasco y Junín, Perú. Se tomaron muestras de heces para determinar la frecuencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella sp mediante microbiología convencional, de parásitos gastrointestinales por las técnicas de sedimentación y flotación, y de Criptosporidium sp mediante la técnica de Ziehl Neelsen Modificado. Además, se evidenció la presencia de antígenos virales con la ayuda de un kit comercial de inmunocromatografía. Se identificó E. coli (80%), coronavirus (53.3%), Eimeria sp (43.3%), Nematodirus sp (40%), rotavirus (36.6%), Criptosporidium sp (20%) y Salmonella sp (18.3%). Asimismo, se determinó que el 38.3% de los animales presentó los tres tipos de patógenos, mientras que el 23.3% presentó asociación de bacterias y parásitos, y el 11.7% presentó asociación de virus y bacterias.

First cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Australia

“…In addition to viruses, bacteria and parasitic helminth infections [ 4 – 6 ], eukaryotic microbial pathogens of alpaca, including species of Cryptosporidium , Giardia , Eimeria and Enterocytozoon , have been implicated in or inferred to cause neonatal diarrhoea [ 4 , 7 ], leading to severe morbidity and mortality [ 4 , 8 – 12 ]. Co-infections of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with other pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and other protists, such as Eimeria are common [ 4 , 9 , 11 – 15 ]; such co-infections are recognised to increase the severity and duration of diarrhoea [ 4 , 11 ].…”

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“…in 12 % in males and females associated with Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp., 10 % of a total of 104 calves with diarrhea; the results found in the study carried are of great importance in both microorganisms versus those reported. Cebra et al (2003), mentioned that salmonella in alpaca diarrhea is not a common cause, but Whitehead and Anderson (2006) detected various Salmonella species in animals with diarrhea; subsequently, Lucas et al (2016) and Carhuapoma et al (2019) show that the presence of salmonella in alpacas with diarrhea is very common in mixed herds (birds, pigs). This confirmation suggests that this bacterium is optional, making its cycle of epidemiological transmission very viable and its pathogenesis is common in domestic animals as well as in alpaca breeds.…”

“…In addition, the high resistant of 8 antibiotics tested in the study would be linked to the poor application in the health management and the inappropriate use of antibiotics that have been practiced by producers in their herds, and by the irresponsibly massive distribution of drugs by national programs promoted by unskilled professionals, which makes the progressive trend of antibiotic resistance between humans and animals. Lucas et al (2016), report that Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli would possibly be resistant to first-line antibacterial such as Phosphomycin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Oxytetracycline, Penicillin, Ceftazidime and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole because they are most commonly used indiscriminately by veterinarians from many years ago in cattle, chicken, sparrows and pigs; therefore, it would not be advisable to use antibiotics as first choice for the treatment of diarrhea in alpaca calves without carrying out susceptibility tests in laboratories (Pinto Jiménez et al, 2010;Siuce et al, 2015;Carhuapoma et al, 2019).…”

“…The breeding of alpacas for the high Andean families of Peru is an activity with socioeconomic importance, since it provides high protein meat with low cholesterol content and its fiber has a high demand in the national and global market (Rosadio et al, 2012;Siuce et al, 2015). More than 85 % of Alpaca breeding in Peru is distributed in the Peasant Communities and in small producers who live in extreme poverty and with lack of technical advice, thus facing significant economic losses from pathological problems and high mortality from parasitic, bacterial and viral etiologies (Lucas et al, 2016). High mortality rates in alpaca calves reach 12 to 50 %, mainly due to enteropathogenic diarrheal problems of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.…”

Resistencia antibiótica de Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli aisladas de alpacas (Vicugna pacus) con y sin diarrea

“…La crianza de alpacas para las familias alto andinas del Perú es una actividad de gran importancia socioeconómica, ya que aportan carne de alto valor proteico con bajo contenido de colesterol, y su fibra de gran demanda en mercado nacional y mundial (Rosadio y col., 2012;Siuce y col., 2015). Más del 85 % de la crianza de alpacas en el Perú está distribuida en las Comunidades Campesinas y en pequeños productores que viven en condiciones de extrema pobreza y con carencias de asesoramiento técnico, afrontando grandes pérdidas económicas por problemas patológicos y elevadas mortalidades por etiologías parasitarias, bacterianas y vírales (Lucas y col., 2016). Las elevadas tasas de mortalidad en las crías de alpacas llegan de 12 a 50 %, principalmente a causa de problemas diarreicos enteropatógenos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp.…”