“…Concerning Symmers' fibrosis (clay pipestem fibrosis), different experimental hosts have been tried (Cheever et al 2003), such as monkeys (Lichtemberg & Sadun 1968, Sadun et al 1970, Lichtemberg et al 1971, Damian et al 1976, Farah et al 2000, rabbits , pigs (Hurst et al 2000), and mice (Warren & DeWitt 1958, Andrade & Warren 1964, Cheever 1965, Warren 1968, Andrade 1987a, Andrade & Cheever 1993. In this last animal model, during mild (one to two pairs of worms) and prolonged (16 weeks or more) infections with Schistosoma mansoni, a picture mimicking "clay pipestem" fibrosis seen in humans with advanced schistosomiasis has been reproduced in outbred and in some strains of well-nourished inbred mice (Andrade & Cheever 1993), but not in undernourished outbred specimens (Coutinho et al 1997).…”