Pathophysiology of neutrophil-mediated extracellular redox reactions

Abstract

Neutrophil granulocyte leukocytes (neutrophils) play fundamental role in the innate immune response. In the presence of adequate stimuli, neutrophils release excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may induce cell and tissue injury. Oxidative burst of neutrophils acts as a double-edged sword. It may contribute to the pathology of atherosclerosis and brain injury but is also necessary in resolving infections. Moreover, neutrophil-derived ROS may also have both a tumor promoting and tumor suppressing role. ROS have a specific activities and diffusion distance, which is related to their short lifetime. Therefore, the manner in which ROS will act depends on the cells targeted and the intra- and extracellular levels of individual ROS, which can further cause production of reactive aldehydes like 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) that act as a second messengers of ROS. In this review we discuss the influence of neutrophil mediated extracellular redox reactions in ischemia reperfusion injury, transplant rejection and chronic diseases (atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer). At the end a brief overview of cellular mechanisms to maintain ROS homeostasis is given.

Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans

“…In humans, under physiological conditions, ROS and RNS generated by leukocytes, through NOX and iNOS, have a role in the innate immune response to infection [8, 9]. However, ROS and RNS can induce lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which propagate via peroxyl radicals (ROO • ) within the membrane, as well as in the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) [5, 2721].…”

“…ROS production is related not only to cell damage or death, but physiological and signalling roles for ROS have also been ascertained. Reactive species are the principal source of defensive pro-oxidants generated in the respiratory burst of neutrophils [8, 9]. Upon activation, neutrophils produce various ROS via myeloperoxidase (MPO) and RNS via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).…”

Neutrophil-Related Oxidants Drive Heart and Brain Remodeling After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

“…Also, catabolic processes are under the control of oxidative stress, which modulates protein degradation and autophagy (Pajares et al, 2015). By targeting polyunsaturated fatty acids, ROS may also determine membrane permeability, cytosol efflux, loss of membrane protein activities, and even biomembrane disruption with loss of cell viability (Jaganjac et al, 2016).…”

Impact of diuron and S-metolachlor on the freshwater diatom Gomphonema gracile: Complementarity between fatty acid profiles and different kinds of ecotoxicological impact-endpoints

“…In order to maintain healthy equilibrium of ROS, effective enzymatic mechanisms such as catalase (CAT) were developed by diatoms . However, at abnormally high quantities, they may provoke an alteration of the normal metabolism of the cell impacting nucleic acids, proteins and photosynthetic pigments resulting in an inactivation of enzymes, membrane damage and lipid peroxidation and affecting diverse physiological processes such as viability of cells (Arora et al 2002, Jaganjac et al 2016. This could explain differences in results observed between diuron and s-metolachlor used at the same environmental concentration.…”