Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

Abstract

Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells act as protective barrier which prevents direct contact of blood with circulating factors via production of tissue plasminogen activator. Risk factors of metabolic disorders are responsible to induce endothelial dysfunction and may consequently lead to prognosis of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the process of atherosclerosis which involves number of sequences including formation and interaction of AGE-RAGE, activation of polyol pathway, protein kinase C, and hexosamine-mediated pathway. All these mechanisms can lead to the development of oxidative stress which may further aggravate condition. Different pharmacological interventions are being used to treat atherosclerosis, however, these might be associated with mild to severe side effects. Therefore, plantbased bioactive compounds having potential to combat and prevent atherosclerosis in diabetic patients are attaining recent focus. By understanding process of development and mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, these bioactive compounds can be better option for future therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis treatment.

Analysis of genes and underlying mechanisms involved in foam cells formation and atherosclerosis development

“…However, GLRX inhibits endothelial cell angiogenic properties (Matsui, Watanabe & Murdoch, 2017). Though increasing evidence has suggested the important roles of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis (Sharif et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020), few studies have revealed the role of GLRX in atherosclerosis and the formation of FCs. Therefore, the roles of RNF13 and GLRX in the process of atherosclersis and FCs remain unknown, which needs further exploration.…”

The Role of KLF2 in the Regulation of Atherosclerosis Development and Potential Use of KLF2-Targeted Therapy

“…Conventional pharmacological therapies used to treat atherosclerosis are often associated with mild to severe side effects. Thus, natural compounds, primarily plant-based bioactive compounds, have been suggested as a potential solution to prevent and treat atherosclerosis and associated diseases [ 78 ]. Further, we discuss several natural compounds (such as leaves extracts, flavonoids, and polyphenols) with defined mechanisms of action on KLF2 and used for atherosclerosis treatment.…”

Pharmacological Activity of Extracts From Plants of Cosmos Bipinnatus Cav. Species

“…Исследование растительных экстрактов на антиоксидантную активность в моделях на целостных многоклеточных микроорганизмах позволяет оценить только интенсивность влияния веществ на свободно-радикальные процессы и активность звеньев антиоксидантной системы организма, но при этом не всегда удается выяснить механизм их антиоксидантного действия. Опыты in vitrо зачастую дают четкое понимание антиоксидантного действия исследуемых веществ или их совокупности [10,26].…”

“…Механизм действия антиоксидантов напрямую зависит от среды, в которой находится субстрат окисления и сам антиоксидант. Механизм действия антиоксидантов в данном опыте, возможно, реализуется путем связывания образующихся свободных липидных радикалов антиоксидантами или образования ими хелатных комплексов с ионами двухвалентного железа [10,26].…”