Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration

Dolatshahi, Mahsa; Sabahi, Mohammadmahdi; Aarabi, Mohammad Hadi

doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02236-2

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(262 reference statements)

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“…The long-term post-infectious complications of COVID-19 can be associated with neurodegenerative diseases [ [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] ]. Infection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), West Nile virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), H1N1 influenza A virus, and the respiratory syncytial virus can cause several neurological manifestations, including encephalitis, protein aggregation, neurodegeneration, and Parkinsonian- or dementia symptoms [ 56 ].…”

Section: Neurodegenerative Diseases and Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 associated nervous system manifestations

2022

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The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in the last year. Along with major respiratory distress, a myriad of neurological manifestations was also reported to be associated with COVID-19 patients. These cases indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can be considered as an opportunistic pathogen of the brain. SARS-CoV-2 enters the brain through the olfactory bulb, retrograde axonal transport from peripheral nerve endings, or via hematogenous or lymphatic routes. Notably, COVID-19 infection can cause or even present with different neurological features including encephalopathy, impaired consciousness, confusion, agitation, seizure, ataxia, headache, anosmia, ageusia, neuropathies, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we provide a brief review of observed neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19.

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Section: Neurodegenerative Diseases and Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 associated nervous system manifestations

2022

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“…ACE2, as a functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2 for its entry, can bind to the viral surface spike glycoprotein (S1) and mediate SARS-CoV-2 into neurovascular endothelial cells (Baig et al, 2020;Najjar et al, 2020). The binding of ACE2 by the virus may decrease the activity of ACE2, further aggravating the neurological symptoms (Dolatshahi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Nervous System Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been observed that some patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection experience a loss of the sense of smell, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can penetrate the nervous system through the olfactory bulb through the TRPMSS2 receptor (Dolatshahi et al, 2021). After the SARS-CoV-2 invades the gastrointestinal system, it can also reach the central nervous system through direct neuroinvasion or indirect immune activation of the intestinal nervous system or through the afferents of the intestinal vagus nerve (Bostanciklioglu, 2020).…”

Section: Retrograde Transport Of Enteric Nervesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the nervous system is compromised by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Based on the current literature and available case reports, there may be several routes for SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion: ( 1) invasion of the central nervous system after peripheral nerve infection, (2) direct involvement of the central nervous system through the olfactory bulb, (3) destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through lymphatic and hematogenous pathways, (4) severe destruction of the BBB caused by inflammatory responses to the virus, and (5) damage to the nervous system through the gut-brain axis (DosSantos et al, 2020;Kumar et al, 2020;Reza-Zaldivar et al, 2020;Dolatshahi et al, 2021). Because of the tropism of coronavirus to the gastrointestinal mucosa and the clinical manifestation of gastrointestinal diseases in patients with COVID-19, the gut-brain axis likely plays a vital role in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and comprehends an insight into its possible mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of the Gastrointestinal System in Neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Neurosci.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is one of the most devastating pandemics in history. SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 100 million people worldwide, leading to more than 3.5 million deaths. Initially, the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection were thought to be restricted to the respiratory system. However, further studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can also afflict multiple other organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. The number of gastrointestinal and neurological manifestations after SARS-CoV-2 infection has been rapidly increasing. Most importantly, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 often exhibit comorbid symptoms in the gastrointestinal and neurological systems. This review aims to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 may affect the nervous system by invading the gastrointestinal system. We hope that this review can provide novel ideas for the clinical treatment of the neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and references for developing prevention and treatment strategies.

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“…In a non-negligible number of patients affected by COVID-19, especially in those patients who know first-hand the disease as a paucisymptomatic flu, anosmia and ageusia can represent the first or only symptomatology present [4]. Recent studies have suggested that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors are strongly expressed on the nasal mucosa, suggesting the fact that SARS-CoV-2 might exert a toxic action on the multiple central nervous system's sites, including the olfactory bulb, for instance [5]. Moreover, the relationship between anosmia and hypogonadism as observed in the Kallmann syndrome is well-established in literature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%