Pathology in Practice

Moller, Cheryl; Bender, Hannah

doi:10.2460/javma.250.4.387

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…1,2,21,24,52,53 Furthermore, thymomas can occupy a large amount of space in the thorax, invade local tissues, metastasize to other organs, or induce hemothorax which might result in death. 1,[54][55][56][57] Hence for this reason alone, thymectomy generally is recommended. 1,37 A major caveat to thymectomy however is the requirement for general anesthesia which is a substantial risk for dogs and cats with MG, and the surgery itself can cause a clinically relevant postoperative exacerbation of skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability, which is thought to be the result of surgical stress.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aside from these dogs and cat reported to have achieved immune remission after thymectomy, the long‐term outcome of dogs and cats with focal and generalized thymoma‐associated MG does not appear as favorable as that of dogs and cats in the focal or generalized non–thymoma subgroups because immune remission is not reported and therefore continued treatment with medication is required if they do not succumb to aspiration pneumonia or respiratory failure, but clinical remission can be achieved 1,2,21,24,52,53 . Furthermore, thymomas can occupy a large amount of space in the thorax, invade local tissues, metastasize to other organs, or induce hemothorax which might result in death 1,54‐57 . Hence for this reason alone, thymectomy generally is recommended 1,37 .…”

Section: Myasthenia Gravismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes in dogs and cats

Mignan¹,

Targett

Lowrie³

2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Myasthenia, a syndrome of impaired neuromuscular transmission, occurs as either an acquired or congenital condition. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired autoimmune disorder with autoantibodies against the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of skeletal muscle whereas congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting the NMJ with a young age of onset. Both conditions are diseases for which recognition is important with regard to treatment and outcome. We review the published literature on MG and CMSs in dogs and cats, and by comparison with published classification used in humans, propose a classification system for MG and CMSs in dogs and cats. Myasthenia gravis is first classified based on focal, generalized, or acute fulminating presentation. It then is subclassified according to the autoimmune disease mechanism or seronegativity. Autoimmune disease mechanism relates to the presence or absence of a thymoma, or administration of thiourylene medication in cats. Congenital myasthenic syndromes are classified according to the affected NMJ component, the mechanism of the defect of neuromuscular transmission, the affected protein, and ultimately the mutated gene responsible. In proposing this categorization of MG and CMSs, we hope to aid recognition of the disease groups for both conditions, as well as guide treatment, refine prognosis, and provide a framework for additional studies of these conditions.

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Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Myasthenia Gravismentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes in dogs and cats

Mignan¹,

Targett

Lowrie³

2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Thymomas are neoplasms arising from thymic epithelial cells. Thymomas rarely metastasize in dogs, 2,10,12 and generally have good overall survival with excision alone. 18 Malignant thymomas with regional infiltration and/or distant metastasis have been reported infrequently in dogs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Malignant thymomas with regional infiltration and/or distant metastasis have been reported infrequently in dogs. 1,10–12,15 We detail the clinical history, presentation, flow cytometry, PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR), and lesions of a metastatic thymoma in a dog.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the rare case reports of metastatic thymoma in the dog, which date back to 1974, local and disseminated disease is described. 1,10–12,15 There was local metastasis in one dog with dissemination as far as the lung and pharynx; the dog also had generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) and died from either an overdose of pyridostigmine for MG or from an acute cholinergic crisis. 11 In the remaining case reports, one dog was euthanized because of progressive renal failure, with incidental identification of thymoma with widespread metastasis to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metastatic thymoma in the liver of a dog

et al. 2018

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A 12-y-old neutered male Portuguese Water dog was presented because of a 1-y history of persistent hyporexia, diarrhea, and recurrent pyelonephritis. Abdominal ultrasound revealed hepatic nodules and diffuse splenomegaly, and radiographs revealed a mediastinal mass. Fine-needle aspirates of the liver, spleen, and mediastinal mass were suspicious for lymphoma. Flow cytometry identified small T cells that co-expressed CD4 and CD8 at all sites, most suspicious for thymoma, but lymphoma could not be ruled out. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements analysis identified polyclonal amplification of the T-cell receptor genes, more consistent with thymoma than lymphoma. Histopathology of the liver and thymic mass confirmed thymoma with hepatic metastasis.

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CT imaging features of canine thymomas

Stade

Randall

Rao

et al. 2019

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Canine thymomas have been evaluated based on clinical features, treatment options, surgical excision, and outcomes with limited information on specific CT features. The objective of this retrospective, descriptive, cross‐sectional study was to describe the CT characteristics of confirmed thymomas and to compare these imaging features to outcome. A total of 22 dogs met the inclusion criteria of histologically confirmed thymomas with concurrent CT imaging. Tumor size varied widely ranging from small and well‐circumscribed to large and invasive. Delayed‐phase, contrast‐enhanced CT studies were best for determining the degree of contrast enhancement in tumors. Of these, 19 of 22 masses had heterogeneous enhancement and three of 22 masses had homogeneous enhancement. Vascular invasion was present in seven of 22 cases. Larger tumors were associated with vascular invasion (height: P = .04; width and volume: P = .02). On precontrast CT, larger tumors (16/21) were heterogeneous and cystic, with smaller tumors (5/21) being more homogeneous (all values P < .05). A larger size was associated with recurrence in fully resected masses (height: P = .03), but not a shorter outcome (P > .3 for all size dimensions). Postoperative complications and incomplete tumor resection were associated with shorter outcome (both values P < .01). Metastasis was confirmed in four cases. There were six cases with lymphadenopathy noted on CT; five of the six cases did not have evidence of metastasis. Larger tumors were more likely to be cystic and associated with vascular invasion.

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Pathology in Practice

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Classification of myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes in dogs and cats

Classification of myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes in dogs and cats

Metastatic thymoma in the liver of a dog

CT imaging features of canine thymomas

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