Pathologic Characteristics of Prostate Cancers Missed by Application of the Age-specific Prostate-specific Antigen Reference in Men over Sixties

Diagnostic accuracy of prostate-specific antigen below 4 ng/mL as a cutoff for diagnosing prostate cancer in a hospital setting: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…1 ). At the conclusion of screening, 11 studies (one in Korean) were included in this systematic review [ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ].…”

“…The included studies were those published in and after 2003, with five multicenter [ 15 16 19 21 22 ] and six single-center [ 13 14 17 18 20 23 ] studies. Of the included studies, nine and two studies had prospective [ 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 ] and retrospective [ 19 20 ] designs, respectively. The number of participants varied from 103 to 4,102, with a total participant number of 8,514.…”

“…The majority of participants (4,341) were recruited from Europe [ 14 15 19 ]. The remaining studies with 4,173 participants were conducted in Asia [ 17 18 20 21 ], Brazil [ 13 23 ], and the United States [ 16 22 ]. The PSA cutoff values in the studies ranged from 2 to 10 ng/mL.…”

“…Two studies received funding from industry [ 16 22 ], and two received academic funding [ 19 23 ]. Three studies [ 13 14 15 ] reported no conflicts of interest, and four studies [ 17 18 20 21 ] did not report conflicts of interest. Baseline characteristics of the included studies are demonstrated in Table 1 .…”

“…Regarding the patient selection domain, eight studies were judged to have a low ROB [ 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 ]. However, one study [ 20 ] was rated as unclear, and the remaining [ 19 23 ] were rated as unclear with a high ROB because of inadequate information about the participants’ recruitment (e.g., consecutive or random sample enrollment) and exclusion criteria, respectively. The ROB was rated as high in nine studies that did not prespecify the PSA cutoff [ 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 ]; two studies were rated as having low ROB in this respect [ 16 20 ].…”