Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a gI/gE/TK/UL13-gene-deleted variant pseudorabies virus strain in swine

Lv, Lin; Liu, Xing; Jiang, Chenlong; Wang, Xianwei; Cao, Mingzhu; Bai, Juan; Jiang, Ping

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109104

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In the past decade, many different recombinant viruses based on the emerging PRV strain were constructed and evaluated for their safety and immunogenicity in mice and piglets. Some liveattenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines also can provide protection against the parental strain in mice and piglets Li et al, 2020Li et al, , 2021Lv et al, 2021). However, there are few reports on the evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine in pregnant sows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a safe and more effective vaccine is urgently needed for the control of PRV variants. Recently, various classical PRV vaccines have been developed, such as those vaccines with the gene deletion of gE, gI/gE, gE/TK, gI/gE/TK, and gI/gE/TK/UL13, respectively (Gu et al, 2015;Wang T. et al, 2015;Cong et al, 2016;Li et al, 2021;Lv et al, 2021). However, the safety or immunogenicity of these live-attenuated vaccines may be far from being satisfactory (Li et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs

et al. 2022

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The highly virulent and antigenic variant of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) that emerged from classical Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig herds has caused substantial economic losses to the swine industry in China since 2011. A safe and more effective vaccine is most desirable. In this study, a gE/TK gene-deficient PRV, namely, HD/c, was constructed based on a PRV type II DX strain isolated from a commercial vaccine-immunized farm and the HD/c-based inactivated vaccine was formulated and evaluated for its safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice and piglets. The resulting PRV HD/c strain has a similar growth curve to the parental DX strain. After vaccination, the inactivated HD/c vaccine did not cause any visible gross pathological or histopathological changes in the tissues of mice and piglets and provided rapid and potent protection against the challenge of the classical and variant PRVs at day 21 post-vaccination in mice. A single immunization of 108.5TCID50 inactivated PRV HD/c strain-elicited robust immunity with high titer of neutralizing antibody and provided complete protection from the lethal challenge of PRV DX strain in piglets. These results indicated that the inactivated PRV HD/c vaccine with the deletion of gE/TK genes was a safe and effective PRV vaccine candidate for the control of PRV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs

et al. 2022

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“…TK is involved in the viral replication and neuroinvasiveness of PRV in the central nervous system (Kit et al, 1985). TK deficiency significantly reduced the ability of replication and transmission in nerve cells (Lv et al, 2021). As the classical model animals for PRV research, mice were used in our research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our studies, ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, IFN-γ, and IFN-β in the intestine of the vaccination group were increased compared with the vehicle group. Maybe it is because PRV infection would induce a lot of antiviral factors in the intestine where a variety of immune cells are located, and gE, gI, and TK deletion PRV could induce a higher IFN-β than wild PRV (Lv et al, 2021). Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory factors TNFα and IL-6 were downregulated in the vaccination group, in the brain and intestine, compared with the vehicle group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunity Protection of Central Nervous System Induced by Pseudorabies Virus DelgI/gE/TK in Mice

Wei

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Based on a variant strain, we constructed a gE/gI/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV). A total of 18 female mice were randomized to a vaccination group to receive PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK, a vehicle group to receive Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, and a mock group to confirm the protection of PRV delgE/gI/TK on the central nervous system in mice. Subsequently, the vaccination and vehicle groups were infected with PRV XJ. The mice in the vehicle group showed more severe neurological symptoms and higher viral loads than those in the vaccination group. The exudation of Evans blue and the expression of tight junction protein showed no difference in all groups. HE staining showed vacuolar neuronal degeneration in the vehicle group brain, but no tissue lesions were observed in the vaccination group. TNF-α, IL-6, and synuclein were upregulated in the brain of mice in the vehicle group, while those were inhibited among mice in the vaccination group. IFN-β, IFN-γ, ISG15, Mx1, and OAS1 showed no difference in the brain between the vaccination and vehicle groups. In addition, TNF-α and IL-6 were inhibited, and antiviral factors were increased in the intestine of the mice in the vaccination group compared to those in the vehicle group. Our study showed that PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK inhibited neurological damage and the inflammation of the intestine and brain induced by PRV and activated the innate immunity of the intestine.

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“…It has been reported that the variant strains are more virulent than the classical strains and that the classical vaccines can no longer provide sufficient protection against the variant strains [ 4 , 84 ]. The live attenuated vaccines based on variant strains such as SMX, TJ, ZJ01, and HN1201 were developed and showed adequate protection against the variant strains [ 107 , 109 , 110 , 111 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the changes of field strains continuously and to periodically construct new vaccine candidates.…”

Section: Vaccines and Diagnosis Methods For Pseudorabiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans

Liu

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and is well known for causing substantial economic losses in the pig industry. In addition to pigs, PRV infection usually leads to severe itching, central nervous system dysfunction, and 100% mortality in its non-natural hosts. It should be noted that increasing human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and these patients have generally suffered from nervous system damage and even death. Here, we reviewed the current prevalence and variation in PRV worldwide as well as the PRV-caused infections in animals and humans, and briefly summarized the vaccines and diagnostic methods used for pseudorabies control. Most countries, including China, have control programs in place for pseudorabies in domestic pigs, and thus, the disease is on the decline; however, PRV is still globally epizootic and an important pathogen for pigs. In countries where pseudorabies in domestic pigs have already been eliminated, the risk of PRV transmission by infected wild animals should be estimated and prevented. As a member of the alphaherpesviruses, PRV showed protein-coding variation that was relatively higher than that of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and its evolution was mainly contributed to by the frequent recombination observed between different genotypes or within the clade. Recombination events have promoted the generation of new variants, such as the variant strains resulting in the outbreak of pseudorabies in pigs in China, 2011. There have been 25 cases of PRV infections in humans reported in China since 2017, and they were considered to be infected by PRV variant strains. Although PRV infections have been sporadically reported in humans, their causal association remains to be determined. This review provided the latest epidemiological information on PRV for the better understanding, prevention, and treatment of pseudorabies.

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Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a gI/gE/TK/UL13-gene-deleted variant pseudorabies virus strain in swine

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs

The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs

The Immunity Protection of Central Nervous System Induced by Pseudorabies Virus DelgI/gE/TK in Mice

The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans

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