Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infections in the Developing Chick Embryo

Koprowski, Hilary; Lennette, Edwin H.

doi:10.1128/jb.48.4.463-472.1944

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Embryonated hens' eggs inoculated with the VEE agent via the yolk sac or chorioallantoic membrane routes readily become infected and die in approximately 15 to 48 hr, with large quantities of virus present (3, 60,65). Mussgay (75) described a technique for rapid isolation and identification of arboviruses by use of a plaque test in chick embryo cell cultures in which specific immune serum had been incorporated.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Aspects of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections

Sidwell¹,

Gebhardt²,

Thorpe³

1967

Bacteriological Reviews

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precipitated suspensions examined with an electron microscope (76, 77). In the electron micrographs of virus prepared by the latter method, the agent appeared to have a distinct core and a membrane. Other investigators have described an external envelope with a diameter of 60 to 70 m,u and a 30to 40-m, internal spherical nucleoid (58). The virus can be filtered through Berkefeld V and N filters and Seitz filters (78). The agent is not readily inactivated by Formalin and can be preserved by lyophilization or in 50% buffered glycerol at-70 C (102). DETECTION AND DIAGNOsIs Clinical Features Until recently, VEE generally has been considered a mild disease in the human being. A recent outbreak in Venezuela, however, reportedly has taken the lives of at least 190 persons of nearly 32,000 with the disease (91). The exact incubation period is not known but is considered to be short, ranging from 2 to 5 days; the onset is usually very sudden. Symptoms may include headache, fever lasting from 1 to 4 days, malaise, chills, nausea or vomiting, and myalgia. Severe encephalitis or generalized systemic iUnesses may occur. In rare instances, tremors, diplopia, and lethargy are also noted. Symptoms persist in mild cases for 3 to 5 days and for as long as 8 days in more serious attacks. After the general symptoms of the disease disappear, a prompt and apparently complete recovery usually takes place (13, 59, 66, 85, 96, 102). In the recent Venezuelan outbreak, Castillo (14a) and Rovira (84a) reported that fatalities occurred only in children of both sexes under 15 years of age, and that the clinical picture was often confused with the disease caused by the influenza virus. Virus Isolation Procedures

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Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Aspects of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections

Sidwell¹,

Gebhardt²,

Thorpe³

1967

Bacteriological Reviews

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“…These and many other authors have stressed the advantages of the single-dilution assay over the conventional determination of the LD5o value, but the proposed assays have gained little acceptance. Koprowski and Lennette (1944) recorded average survival times of both mice and chick embryos injected with dilutions (10-5 to 10-11) of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Their data show that a dose on time-to-death relationship existed, but they did not use this information in any way.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Titer of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Preparations From a Single-Dilution Assay

1963

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Riley, Jean M. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), William C. Patrick, III, and William E. Campbell, Jr. Estimation of titer of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus preparations from a single-dilution assay. J. Bacteriol. 85: 1256–1260. 1963.—When suspensions of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus were injected intracerebrally into groups of mice, a nearly linear relationship was observed between the concentration of the virus injected and the mean reciprocal time-to-death of the mice. A total of 91 VEE preparations were assayed in duplicate, and, by plotting the relationship between the reciprocal time-to-death for mice given the 10 −6 dilution of virus and the micld 50 (mouse intracerebral challenge, ld 50 response) values for the virus preparations, a reference curve was established. Using this reference curve, it was possible to estimate directly the ld 50 values of virus suspensions of unknown concentration from the mean reciprocal time-to-death of a group of mice injected with a single dilution. In this work, the number of mice used was reduced by 62.5%, the titrations were complete in 3 to 5 days compared with the usual 10 to 14 days, three to four times as many assays could be done in a day, and no assays had to be repeated since end points were not missed. The precision of the single-dilution assay compared favorably with that of the ld 50 titration.

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Les encéphalites saisonnières

Lépine

Laforest²

1958

Handbuch Der Virusforschung

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Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infections in the Developing Chick Embryo

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Epidemiological Aspects of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections

Epidemiological Aspects of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections

Estimation of Titer of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Preparations From a Single-Dilution Assay

Les encéphalites saisonnières

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