Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-Infection

Abstract

Given that infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death amongst individuals living with HIV, understanding the complex mechanisms by which Mtb exacerbates HIV infection may lead to improved treatment options or adjuvant therapies. While it is well-understood how HIV compromises the immune system and leaves the host vulnerable to opportunistic infections such as Mtb, less is known about the interplay of disease once active Mtb is established. This review explores how glutathione (GSH) depletion, T cell exhaustion, granuloma formation, and TNF-α upregulation, as a result of Mtb infection, leads to an increase in HIV disease severity. This review also examines the difficulties of treating coinfected patients and suggests further research on the clinical use of GSH supplementation.

Lipid Droplets, the Central Hub Integrating Cell Metabolism and the Immune System

“…Moreover, there are specific host pathways, such as the PPARγ and LXR transcriptional regulators, that have revealed the mechanisms by which host immunity alters the bacterial microenvironment. One hallmark of tuberculosis infection is the accumulation of M.tb-infected foamy macrophages containing large lipid bodies ( Wong et al, 2020 ). In this review, we focus on emerging concepts and the current understanding of lipid utilization in M.tb, how the immune response modulates lipid homeostasis in both the bacterium and the host, and how these pathways are likely to be manipulated therapeutically.…”

The Role of CD4+CD8+ T Cells in HIV Infection With Tuberculosis

“…HIV may potentiate mycobacterial virulence factors and has a significant impact on the progression of TB ( 4 , 5 ). TB also promotes cellular susceptibility to HIV and drives HIV replication ( 5 , 6 ).…”

Impact of HIV and multidrug resistant tuberculosis coinfection on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells among patients attending Aminu Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Nigeria

“…The syndemic interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) epidemics has had deadly consequences around the world [1]. World health organization (WHO) has recommended the rapid molecular test called Xpert MTB/RIF assay which gives the results within two hours in addition to detecting rifampicin resistance and being more accurate than sputum smear microscopy for diagnosis [2].…”