Pathogenesis of Cancer: Cancer Reparative Trap

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world while the long-term prognosis is still unfavorable, despite the enormous efforts in the search for effective anti-cancer drugs. We think that the obstacle for creating of effective anti-cancer drugs could be existing idea that the basis of cancer is caused by the damage of the genetic apparatus of the cell. In this paper, we present the pathogenesis of cancer which is based on the formation of the special sustainable pathophysiological state of the organism what we call the state of "cancer reparative trap". The essence of this pathophysiological state of the organism is in the reparative orientation of the immune system of cancer patients, when constant tissue repair is accompanied by systemic suppression of the anti-tumor immunity. Specifically, during the long-term exposure to carcinogens (exogenous and/or endogenous), the continuous tissue damage occurs which induces permanent stimulation of cell proliferation (imbalanced Th1 < Th2 lymphocytes, M1 < M2 macrophages, inflammation, angiogenesis, etc.) in order to repair the tissues damaged. At the same time, tissue repair is necessarily accompanied by the suppression of anti-tumor immunity (increase in T-regulatory cells, imbalanced Th1 < Th2 lymphocytes, M1 < M2 macrophages et al.), which creates the necessary conditions for the survival of the malignantly transformed cells, formed by the action of carcinogens. The determining role of the imbalance in the autonomous nervous system (simpathetic/hypersympathetic dominance) in the development, maintenance and generalization of the cancer process has been shown. The explanation of a number of phenomena has been presented: the cell resistance to chemotherapy, and the phenomenon of cancer cell dormancy. The promising approaches for the cancer management in clinical practice have been proposed.

Perceived role of hot food in the pathogenesis of oesophageal cancer: a qualitative study in the Arsi Zone, Oromia, Central Ethiopia

“…Consumption of hot foods at 43°C and above can alter tissue structures to cancer cells ( 39 ) . Furthermore, chronic tissue irritations from high-temperature foods can instigate the formation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrosamines and impair tissue barriers to carcinogens ( 40 – 44 ) . However, oesophagus has a tremendous ability to recover from insults if provided with adequate nutrients ( 45 ) .…”

A Review on Quality of Life in Cancer Patients: An Indian Scenario

“…Various studies has been done to assess the QOL of patient in India and worldwide and there are several therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment such as surgery (curative, palliative) chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, which may be used alone or in combination and may have impact on the quality of life of those being treated 1,6,8,10,12,21,26 .…”

“…According to World Health Organization (WHO), 14.1 million cases were diagnosed & 8.2 million cancer-related deaths were estimated in 2012 1 , whereas according to the 2016 estimates by National cancer institute new cases are 1,685,210 and 595,690 are cancer-related death in the united states 6 and is expected to increase till 25 million a year in over the next 20 years 3,8 . Cancer is leading cause of death accounting for 27% of all deaths in Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific islanders (AANHPTs) and 12% of deaths worldwide which only differ by 4% in Africa to 23% in Northern America.…”

“…Environmental factor include X-rays(radon), UV light, viruses (human papillomavirus, hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell leukemia virus & herpes virus) 8,12 , tobacco products, pollutants, chemicals (benzene, arsenic and organic solvents) 12 , alcohol consumption 15 . Cancer deaths in the U.S., including cancers of the lung, esophagus, bladder and pancreas are caused by tobacco smoking which contributes to half of cancer deaths in U.S. UV light is associated with most skin cancers, including the deadliest form, melanoma.…”

Molecular Application of Aptamers in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Communicable Diseases

“…Genetic mutations that occur during cell division predispose cells to cancer [42] and such may be caused by several external or even internal factors such as genes (hereditary), radiation, chemicals, smoking and old age. Under normal circumstances anticancer signalling pathways such as apoptosis eradicate cells with such mutations.…”