Paternal insulin resistance and its association with umbilical cord insulin concentrations

Shields, Beverley M.; Knight, Bridget; Turner, Martina; Wilkins-Wall, Beverley; Shakespeare, Lynette; Powell, Roy; Hannemann, Michael; Clark, P. M. S.; Yajnik, C.S.; Hattersley, Andrew T.

doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0282-8

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Our findings, that gestational age, parity, maternal birth weight and BMI independently influence birth weight for both boys and girls is in accordance with previous reports (Catalano et al 1998, Shields et al 2006. however, after adjusting for these variables, paternal birth weight had a significant effect on birth weight of boys but not for girls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls

et al. 2009

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls

et al. 2009

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“…Under these circumstances, paternally inherited insulin resistance may be compensated by increases in fetal insulin production. This suggestion was supported by their observation that paternal insulin resistance was inversely correlated with fetal insulin concentrations (17). In a subset of our study population, we were unable to detect such a relationship between paternal insulin resistance and fetal cord blood insulin or C-peptide levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Paternal Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Fetal Growth Restriction

2013

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OBJECTIVEFathers of low–birth weight offspring are more likely to have type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life. We investigated whether paternal insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors were evident at the time that fetal growth–restricted offspring were born.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe carried out a case-control study of men who fathered pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction, in the absence of recognized fetal disease (n = 42), compared with men who fathered normal–birth weight offspring (n = 77). All mothers were healthy, nonsmoking, and similar in age, BMI, ethnicity, and parity. Within 4 weeks of offspring birth, all fathers had measures of insulin resistance (HOMA index), blood pressure, waist circumference, endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation), lipid profile, weight, and smoking habit. Comparison was made using multivariable logistical regression analysis.RESULTSFathers of fetal growth–restricted offspring [mean (SD) 1.8th (2.2) customized birth centile] were more likely to have insulin resistance, hypertension, central adiposity, and endothelial dysfunction and to smoke cigarettes compared with fathers of normal grown offspring. After multivariable analysis, paternal insulin resistance and smoking remained different between the groups. Compared with fathers of normal grown offspring, men who fathered pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction had an OR 7.68 (95% CI 2.63–22.40; P < 0.0001) of having a 1-unit higher log HOMA-IR value and 3.39 (1.26–9.16; P = 0.016) of being a smoker.CONCLUSIONSMen who recently fathered growth-restricted offspring have preclinical evidence of the insulin resistance syndrome and are more likely to smoke than fathers of normal grown offspring. Paternal lifestyle may influence heritable factors important for fetal growth.

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“…This is a situation similar to the difference seen between Indian and U.K. babies (10), where Indian babies are smaller with more adipose tissue and higher insulin concentrations, which is thought to reflect insulin resistance because the increase in cord insulin is not associated with augmented growth. Research has also shown that babies born to the most insulin-resistant fathers have higher cord insulin concentrations compared with babies born to the least insulin-resistant fathers when matched for birth weight, further supporting the idea that increased cord insulin without increased growth represents an insulin-resistant phenotype (20).…”

Section: Relationships With Mode Of Deliverymentioning

confidence: 83%

Measurement of Cord Insulin and Insulin-Related Peptides Suggests That Girls Are More Insulin Resistant Than Boys at Birth

et al. 2007

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OBJECTIVE -We aimed to examine sex differences in insulin and insulin propeptide concentrations at birth using validated cord blood collection.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We tested the impact on insulin and insulin propeptides of taking 13 cord blood samples in heparin and EDTA and then centrifuging and separating plasma after 1, 2, 24, or 48 h at room temperature (heparin) or 4°C (EDTA). Cord plasma insulin and insulin propeptides concentrations were measured in 440 babies and correlated with offspring anthropometry measured at birth.RESULTS -Cord insulin concentrations significantly decreased (74% those at baseline by 24 h; P ϭ 0.01) in the samples taken in heparin and stored at room temperature, but those taken on EDTA and refrigerated remained stable for up to 48 h. Insulin propeptides were stable in both. Cord plasma insulin and insulin propeptides measured in EDTA were related to all measures of birth size and maternal glycemia and BMI (r Ͼ 0.11; P Ͻ 0.03 for all) and were higher in those delivered via caesarean section. Girls were lighter (3,497 vs. 3,608 g; P ϭ 0.01) but had higher cord insulin (46.7 vs. 41.2 pmol/l; P ϭ 0.031), total proinsulin (34.1 vs. 25.8 pmol/l; P Ͻ 0.001), and intact proinsulin (9.5 vs. 8.3 pmol/l; P ϭ 0.004) concentrations than boys; this was further confirmed when cord insulin concentrations of boys and girls were compared after pair matching for birth weight (insulin 49.7 vs. 42.1 pmol/l; P ϭ 0.004).CONCLUSIONS -When using appropriate sample collection methods, female newborns have higher insulin concentrations than male newborns, despite being smaller, suggesting intrinsic insulin resistance in girls. Diabetes Care 30:2661-2666, 2007I ncreasing evidence suggests that girls are more insulin resistant than boys. This has been shown in fasting insulin measurements, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests, and euglycemic clamps in children from age 5 years (1) through late childhood (2,3) and puberty and adolescence (4 -6). The increase in insulin resistance is seen in Caucasian, Afro-Caribbean, and AsianIndian races (1-4,6). Furthermore, type 2 diabetes in children is far more common in girls than boys (7-9).That sex differences are seen early in life could reflect differences in intrinsic insulin resistance or differences in postnatal behavior. In a study of 307 subjects, Murphy et al. (1) were unable to explain sex differences at 5 years of age by looking at differences in anthropometry and physical activity. If insulin resistance is intrinsic, this would suggest that it is genetically determined and should be apparent from birth. An insulin-resistant phenotype at birth has previously been described in Indian babies (10), who have higher umbilical cord insulin concentrations and more subcutaneous fat than U.K. babies, despite being lighter. If girls are more insulin resistant than boys, one might expect to observe a similar phenotype at birth, with girls having higher cord insulin concentrations even though they are lighter than boys. Girls are consistently ligh...

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Paternal insulin resistance and its association with umbilical cord insulin concentrations

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls

Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls

Paternal Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Fetal Growth Restriction

Measurement of Cord Insulin and Insulin-Related Peptides Suggests That Girls Are More Insulin Resistant Than Boys at Birth

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