Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls

Voldner, Nanna; Frøslie, Kathrine Frey; Godang, Kristin; Bollerslev, Jens; Henriksen, Tore

doi:10.1002/huon.200900001

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Previous results from our group showed that fasting glucose was associated with birthweight in girls, not in boys [9]. Thus, glucose has an effect on both placental weight and birthweight only among girls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Maternal Factors Associated with Fetal Growth and Birthweight Are Independent Determinants of Placental Weight and Exhibit Differential Effects by Fetal Sex

et al. 2014

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IntroductionMaternal nutritional and metabolic factors influence the developmental environment of the fetus. Virtually any nutritional factor in the maternal blood has to pass the placental membranes to reach the fetal blood. Placental weight is a commonly used measure to summarize placental growth and function. Placental weight is an independent determinant of fetal growth and birthweight and modifies the associations between maternal metabolic factors and fetal growth. We hypothesized that maternal factors known to be related to fetal growth, newborn size and body composition are determinants of placental weight and that effects of maternal metabolic factors on placental weight differ between the genders.MethodsThe STORK study is a prospective longitudinal study including 1031 healthy pregnant women of Scandinavian heritage with singleton pregnancies. Maternal determinants (parity, body mass index, gestational weight gain and fasting plasma glucose) of placental weight were explored by linear regression models, stratified by fetal sex.ResultsParity, maternal BMI, gestational weight gain and fasting glucose had positive effects on placental weight. There was a sex specific effect in these associations. Fasting glucose was significantly associated with placental weight in females but not in males.ConclusionMaternal factors known to influence fetal growth, birthweight and neonatal body composition are determinants of placental weight. The effect of maternal factors on placental weight is influenced by sex as illustrated in the relation between maternal glucose and placental weight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Maternal Factors Associated with Fetal Growth and Birthweight Are Independent Determinants of Placental Weight and Exhibit Differential Effects by Fetal Sex

et al. 2014

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“…Carr-Hill et al (1987) reported correlations between maternal and offspring BW among mother-daughter pairs (Pearson’s correlation r = 0.219; 95%CI: 0.102, 0.330) that were similar to corresponding correlations among mother-son pairs (Pearson’s correlation r = 0.207; 95%CI: 0.082, 0.326) [22]; Voldner et al (2009) reported similar associations from multivariable regression models for female offspring (β=184 grams per 1 kg of maternal BW; 95%CI: 87, 280) and male offspring (β=148 grams per 1 kg of maternal BW; 95%CI: 51, 243) [32]. To our knowledge, our study is the first to report sex-specific differences in patterns of maternal-offspring BW associations and transgenerational transmission of LBW risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Sex-specific associations of maternal birthweight with offspring birthweight in the Omega study

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Williams

et al. 2017

Annals of Epidemiology

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Purpose We investigated nonlinear and offspring-sex specific associations of maternal birthweight (BW) with offspring BW among participants of the Omega study, a pregnancy cohort. Methods Maternal BW was modeled as a continuous variable, linear spline, and binary variable indicating low birthweight (LBW) (<2500 vs. ≥2500grams). Offspring BW was modeled as a continuous and binary variable in regression models. Non-linearity was assessed using likelihood ratio tests (LRT) in marginal linear spline models. Results For every 100gram increase of maternal BW, offspring BW increased by 22.29 (95%CI: 17.57, 27.02) or 23.41 (95%CI: 6.87, 39.96) grams among mothers with normal BW or born macrosomic, respectively, but not among LBW mothers (β=−8.61 grams; 95%CI: −22.88, 5.65) (LRT p-value=0.0005). For every 100gram increase in maternal BW, BW of male offspring increased 23.47 (95%CI: 16.75, 30.19) or 25.21 (95%CI: 4.35, 46.07) grams among mothers with normal BW or born macrosomic, respectively, while it decreased 31.39 grams (95%CI: −51.63, −11.15) among LBW mothers (LRT p-value<0.0001). Corresponding increases in BW of female offspring (16–22 grams) did not differ among mothers with LBW, normal BW or macrosomia (LRT p-value=0.9163). Conclusions Maternal and offspring BW associations are evident among normal BW and macrosomic mothers. These associations differ by offspring sex.

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“…Moreover, maternal testosterone levels correlate positively with fetal testosterone levels (34), providing a link to the higher relative risk among the low birth weight females. The difference between the sexes at the higher birth weight levels may also be partly explained by an increased susceptibility to gestational overnutrition and maternal glucose values in female versus male fetuses (35,36). Another factor to consider is that girls are born lighter than boys (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Association Between Birth Weight and Adult Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2015

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Low birth weight is a well-established risk factor for type 2 diabetes, but the risk at high birth weight levels remains uncertain. Potential sex differences in the associations are unexplored. We investigated whether sex influences the association of birth weight and adult type 2 diabetes, using a cohort of 113,801 men and 109,298 women, born 1936–1983, from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register, Denmark. During 5.6 million person-years of follow-up, 7,750 men and 4,736 women had a diagnosis of adult type 2 diabetes (30 years of age or older) obtained from national registers. When birth weights between 3.251 and 3.750 kg were used as the reference group for each sex separately, women with birth weights in the categories of 2.000 to 2.750 kg and 4.751 to 5.500 kg had hazard ratios [HRs] of type 2 diabetes of 1.46 (95% CI, 1.34–1.59) and 1.56 (1.20–2.04), respectively, whereas men had HRs of 1.20 (1.12–1.30) and 0.93 (0.76–1.15). Thus, sex modified the association, with stronger risk estimates of type 2 diabetes in women at both low and high birth weights compared with men (P = 0.001). In conclusion, birth weight is more strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in women than in men. Future search for sex-specific causal mechanisms may provide new insights into the early origins of type 2 diabetes.

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Determinants of birth weight in boys and girls

Cited by 39 publications

References 19 publications

Maternal Factors Associated with Fetal Growth and Birthweight Are Independent Determinants of Placental Weight and Exhibit Differential Effects by Fetal Sex

Maternal Factors Associated with Fetal Growth and Birthweight Are Independent Determinants of Placental Weight and Exhibit Differential Effects by Fetal Sex

Sex-specific associations of maternal birthweight with offspring birthweight in the Omega study

Sex Differences in the Association Between Birth Weight and Adult Type 2 Diabetes

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