Patent enforcement across 51 countries – Patent enforcement index 1998–2017

IPR Law Protection and Enforcement and the Effect on Horizontal Productivity Spillovers from Inward FDI to Domestic Firms: A Meta-analysis

“…In the process of identifying and fighting against IPR infringement, MNEs need to engage with the public enforcement agents including the judiciary, the police and customs agents (Bessen and Meurer 2008;Yang et al 2008). The effectiveness of the public IPR enforcement agents in a host country can determine if e.g., police and customs agents will effectively prosecute a suspected IPR infringement case, and the extent to which the IPR law is applied in a timely, non-discriminatory, and effective manner to penalise domestic IPR infringing firms (Ahammad et al 2018;Papageorgiadis and Sofka, 2020). In countries where the MNEs are able to engage with public IPR enforcement agents and stop or punitively penalise IPR infringement with their support, the MNEs will be able to limit the unintended spillovers from unauthorised IPR exploitation, even if the proprietary IPR and knowhow of the MNE has been leaked to domestic companies.…”

“…In countries where public IPR enforcement is strong, MNEs can expect that the enforcement agents will effectively deter the IPR infringement activities and that the IPR infringers will be effectively prosecuted, receiving punitive sanctions and penalties (Papageorgiadis and Sofka 2020;Papageorgiadis et al 2014). This can act as a deterrent of IPR infringing activities, discouraging the opportunistic behaviour of domestic firms that might consider to infringe the IPR of an MNE but eventually refrain from doing so due to the high risk of being prosecuted and penalized.…”

“…Existing studies on the effect of national IPR systems on inward FDI horizontal productivity spillovers to domestic firms however, focus solely on the effect of IPR law protection (Arora 2009) and are therefore likely to suffer from biased results. Studies ignoring the effect of the strength of public IPR enforcement are likely to systematically overestimate the effect of IPR law protection strength (Papageorgiadis and Sofka 2020). This could also explain the mixed results in the existing literature, such as the finding of negative (Iršová and Havránek 2013), positive (Yi et al 2015), and insignificant (Smeets and de Vaal 2016) effects on FDI horizontal productivity spillovers from inward FDI.…”

Paths academic scientists take to entrepreneurship: Disaggregating direct and indirect influences

“…Unfortunately, the information in the underlying survey deals with entrepreneurship entry and not its consequences (e.g., how much employment is generated by academic entrepreneurs).3 The dynamics of entrepreneurship in terms of the time budding entrepreneurs spend as nascent entrepreneurs (often waiting to raise finance; see would partly depend on the underlying product or technology that the entrepreneur is trying to offer (also seePhaphoom et al, 2015). As argued before, the time to market (and to commercial success) is often particularly long for biotech and medical products such as new drugs.4 As Table1shows, our PATENT captures patenting application or filing.However, successful entrepreneurship requires adequate patent enforcement and support (seePapageorgiadis & Sofka, 2020). In general, Germany is considered to have strong intellectual property enforcement.5 Even when academics do not have direct prior experience/exposure to entrepreneurship, older academics would benefit by learning from the experience of others (knowledge spillovers).6 The executive directors of 78 Max Planck Institutes were approached to get a formal permit to conduct the telephone interviews with the scientists.…”

“…4 4 As Table 1 shows, our PATENT captures patenting application or filing. However, successful entrepreneurship requires adequate patent enforcement and support (see Papageorgiadis & Sofka, 2020). In general, Germany is considered to have strong intellectual property enforcement.…”