Pastoralism in the time of oil: Youth perspectives on the oil industry and the future of pastoralism in Turkana, Kenya

Refugee Impacts on Turkana Hosts

“…However, this economic transition from traditional livelihoods, while welcomed by young women, puts pressure on them to work "double shifts, " and while these new opportunities may generate more household income or a better livelihood, they may also disempower young women if they result in the women bearing additional burdens and experiencing heightened vulnerability (Enns and Bersaglio 2015). According to the ethnographic data collected for this study, changing gender dynamics have heightened gender-based violence.…”

“…There has been excitement around the emergent oil industry and what it portends for youth in the region even though the country is at the preliminary stages of exploration and therefore the industry has so far only offered a small amount of material benefit to community members. Many youth look forward to being employed in the sector, particularly young men, who see the sector as a promising opportunity to gain wage labor and accumulate wealth in order to purchase material goods such as cell phones and radios (Enns and Bersaglio 2015). The sector was seen by older women as a viable way to "give youth hope, " meaning that the sector will help improve the quality of life among those who get jobs in the sector.…”

“…These mining areas are growing at shocking rates. According to the Economist, as cited by Enns and Bersaglio (2015), some towns have seen a population growth of 500 percent. Numerous studies have proved that the growth of urban centers with high unemployment rates (because of low education levels), no social services, and a young demographic will certainly have profoundly negative consequences on the development and stability of the region as a whole.…”

“…These risks have been cited as further challenges to the well-being and survival of pastoral households in Turkana. According to Enns and Bersaglio (2015), despite these worries, not a single youth they interviewed suggested that oil development should be stopped altogether.…”

Organisational Structure and Strategy Implementation: Empirical Evidence from Oil Marketing Companies in Kenya

“…Strategy implementation is the process of putting plans and strategy into actions in order to accomplish the long-term goals of the organisation. Operators and marketers in the oil and gas industry face a range of challenges, associated with growing concerns about the environmental impacts of petroleum extraction (Camps, 2015;Mkutu et al, 2019), inadequate infrastructure (Enns and Bersaglio, 2016), weak governance framework (Mkutu et al, 2019), changing land use and tenure systems (Enns and Bersaglio, 2015), community-investor conflict (Mkutu et al, 2019), and widely fluctuating oil prices (Camps, 2015;Enns and Bersaglio, 2016). Many oil exploration companies have cut back on their budgets for oil exploration and development (Enns and Bersaglio, 2016).…”