Past and present distribution of the North African–Asian lion subgroup: a review

Abstract

1. The North African-Asian lion subgroup, which is composed of two subspecies, the Barbary lion, Panthera leo leo, and the Asian lion, P. l. persica, was nearly exterminated during the last centuries. The remaining free-ranging population of Asian lions consists of c. 350 animals in India. The Barbary lion subsists as captive animals in zoos or circuses, all of which originate from the Moroccan Royal Collection. There have been multiple genetic hybridizations with sub-Saharan lions. 2. Several incomplete distribution maps of the past occupation of lions were proposed in the literature. I examine the distribution of these lions with the help of a larger database, extracted from zoological, archaeological and historical reports. Some records are however not completely reliable. Data were collected over a long period of time (from the Epipaleolithic to the modern times) in Eurasia, North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. 3. Dispersal took place in latitudes as far south as 15°N (Yemen) to 18°N (Mali; Chad) and as far north as 45-48°N (Bulgaria); and to longitudes as far west as 5.57°W (Morocco) and as far east as 84°E (India). Expansion was probably constrained by natural ecological factors northwards (higher seasonality, harsher winters) and southwards (extension of aridity after 3000 BP). At latitudes between 40 and 43°N, lions seem to have become a permanent part of the fauna during 6-8 millennia. 4. Lions were brought to extinction by humans through hunting, captures for exhibition in zoos and by the associated natural fragmentation of wild populations. The dates at which extinction took place varied greatly according to the geographical sites: 3000 BC for temperate Europe; 1000 BC in the south of Greece; 12-13th century in the Near East, Arabian Peninsula, Trans-Caucasia or north of Afghanistan; and 19-20th century for North Africa, the Middle East and India.

Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation

“…Our examination of historical accounts reveals that lions occupied the Saharan Atlas (Fig. 1), much further south than previously reported by Schnitzler [27]. The precise location of the aerial photograph on the Casablanca-Dakar route (Fig.…”

“…Several reviews have considered the history of sightings [7], [19], [20], [26], [27] and the IUCN recognizes that lions persisted in Morocco into the 1940s [17]. Nevertheless these reviews have inadvertently missed, ignored or have lacked access to many local sources and literature accounts.…”

A full and authentic reckoning of species’ ranges for conservation: response to Akçakaya et al. 2018

“…Third, why should conservationists forget past extirpations because they happened an arbitrarily long time ago? Lions, for example, were extirpated from the Greek Islands in ancient times (Schnitzler ), which may seem like a long time to human beings, but from the perspective of the 3.5‐million‐year evolutionary lineage of the lion (Turner ), a 2000‐year range loss is but a brief interregnum. If such a former reality seems divorced from contemporary circumstances, it is because baselines have shifted (sensu Pauly ), not because lions could not live in Greece again if Greeks made space for them.…”

Western European Quaternary lions: new working hypotheses

“…Kasparek () noted that a small population of lions surely survived in Southern Turkey at least until the mid 19th Century. Lions could still be found along the Tigris until 1918, in Iran until 1957, and in Turkey until 1874 (Schnitzler, ).…”

“…(), Álvarez‐Lao & García‐García (), García García et al . (), Croitor & Brugal (), Schnitzler (), Molara (), who considered P. spelaea and P. leo to be conspecific, at most distinct at the subspecies level.…”