Passive Sampling for Indoor and Outdoor Exposures to Chlorpyrifos, Azinphos-Methyl, and Oxygen Analogs in a Rural Agricultural Community

Abstract

Background: Recent studies have highlighted the increased potency of oxygen analogs of organophosphorus pesticides. These pesticides and oxygen analogs have previously been identified in the atmosphere following spray applications in the states of California and Washington. Objectives: We used two passive sampling methods to measure levels of the ollowing organophosphorus pesticides: chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, and their oxygen analogs at 14 farmworker and 9 non-farmworker households in an agricultural region of central Washington State in 2011. Methods: The passive methods included polyurethane foam passive air samplers deployed outdoors and indoors and polypropylene deposition plates deployed indoors. We collected cumulative monthly samples during the pesticide application seasons and during the winter season as a control. Results: Monthly outdoor air concentrations ranged from 9.2 to 199 ng/m 3 for chlorpyrifos, 0.03 to 20 ng/m 3 for chlorpyrifos-oxon, < LOD (limit of detection) to 7.3 ng/m 3 for azinphos-methyl, and < LOD to 0.8 ng/m 3 for azinphos-methyl-oxon. Samples from proximal households (≤ 250 m) had significantly higher outdoor air concentrations of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon, and azinphos-methyl than did samples from nonproximal households ( p ≤ 0.02). Overall, indoor air concentrations were lower than outdoors. For example, all outdoor air samples for chlorpyrifos and 97% of samples for azinphos-methyl were > LOD. Indoors, only 78% of air samples for chlorpyrifos and 35% of samples for azinphos-methyl were > LOD. Samples from farmworker households had higher indoor air concentrations of both pesticides than did samples from non-farmworker households. Mean indoor and outdoor air concentration ratios for chlorpyrifos and azinphos-methyl were 0.17 and 0.44, respectively. Conclusions: We identified higher levels in air and on surfaces at both proximal and farmworker households. Our findings further confirm the presence of pesticides and their oxygen analogs in air and highlight their potential for infiltration of indoor living environments. Citation: Gibbs JL, Yost MG, Negrete M, Fenske RA. 2017. Passive sampling for indoor and outdoor exposures to chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, and oxygen analogs in a rural agricultural community. Environ Health Perspect 125:333–341; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP425

Prenatal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Traits Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Population Living in Proximity to Agriculture

“…2005 , 2009 ). In addition, recent studies report that outdoor air samples from homes located more than from fruit orchards had significantly lower concentrations of two OP pesticides than did samples from homes within of orchards ( Gibbs et al. 2017 ) and average pesticide concentrations in house dust were 64% lower in homes located compared to from treated fields ( Deziel et al.…”

Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in children from an Italian cohort (PHIME, Trieste)

“…Lately, these chemicals have been found in different matrices, including dietary products, water, outdoor and indoor air and house dust (Banerjee et al, 2012;Sousa et al, 2018;Coscollà et al, 2017;Gibbs et al, 2017;Mercier et al, 2011;Tang et al, 2018). In addition, recent studies have found them even in freshwater and edible fish (Arisekar et al, 2019;Barbieri et al, 2019;Pico et al, 2019), being in some cases related with pollution accidents, like the death fish episode by pyrethroid exposure in Northern Italy (Bille et al, 2017).…”

Evaluation of the relationship between residential orchard density and dimethyl organophosphate pesticide residues in house dust

“…We also collected and adjusted for multiple potential confounding factors, including acculturation and socioeconomic factors that have been previously shown to correlate with pesticide levels in house dust 19 , and may also affect where one chooses to live 47 – 49 . To our knowledge, only one recent study of pesticide drift has used the CropScape data 50 . This recent study, however, investigated the association between distance to orchard and OP concentrations within indoor air and was not large enough to estimate the association independent of number of farmworkers within the household 50 .…”

“…To our knowledge, only one recent study of pesticide drift has used the CropScape data 50 . This recent study, however, investigated the association between distance to orchard and OP concentrations within indoor air and was not large enough to estimate the association independent of number of farmworkers within the household 50 .…”