Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in children from an Italian cohort (PHIME, Trieste)

Abstract

Urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides from seven years old children of a birth cohort study (n=199; PHIME cohort of Trieste, Italy) have been measured. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, 2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol (DEAMPY, pirimiphos metabolite) was the one found at higher concentrations, median 3.4 ng/mL specific gravity adjusted (SG adjusted), followed by 4nitrophenol (PNP, median 1.4 ng/mL SG adjusted) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY, median 0.36 ng/mL SG adjusted), parathion and chlorpyriphos metabolites, respectively. TCPY concentrations were low in comparison to other distributions of OP metabolites in children from other studies. Accordingly, the PHIME cohort showed a distinct OP metabolite distribution with high concentrations of pirimiphos and parathion. Another specific characteristic of this cohort was the high concentration of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-BPA, median 0.36 ng/mL SG adjusted), a general metabolite of PYR pesticides. Evaluation of anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics of children and families only showed a positive association between family educational level and urinary concentrations of DEAMPY metabolite (p < 0.05), which could reflect distinct dietary habits depending on the educational level. Estimated daily intakes were evaluated, all studied metabolites were found within safe levels.

Pilot study of exposure of the male population to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a region of high agricultural activity (Córdoba, Argentina)

“…The urinary PNP metabolite can also result from exposure to environmental PNP resulting from natural environmental degradation of parathion or methyl parathion. However, considering the high reactivity of parathion and its low persistence in environmental samples, PNP concentrations probably reflect recent contributions in the studied cohort (Bravo et al 2019). After acute exposures, most of the metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine (Abu-Qare and Abou-Donia 2000; Braeckman et al 1983), but chronic exposures to parathion and parathion-methyl, as well as with any non-persistent organic toxicant, can result in steady-state metabolite excretion.…”

“…The most common PYR pesticides, including permethrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, are metabolized to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), while cyfluthrin is metabolized to 4-fluoro-3phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA). The determination of the organic metabolite moieties in the urine provides information on the internal doses of the specific parental compounds that allows assessing the exposure to individual pesticides (Barr et al 2002;Barr 2008;Koureas et al 2012;Bravo et al 2019Bravo et al , 2020a.…”

“…Recently, interest in human biomonitoring for the estimation of internal exposure doses has grown due to the increasing information available on the human impact of environmental chemicals (Bravo et al 2019(Bravo et al , 2020aGarí et al 2018;Yusa et al 2015b). The concentrations of OP and PYR pesticide metabolites found in human urine allow evaluating exposure to parent pesticides and calculating estimated daily intakes (EDI) that can be compared with acceptable daily intakes (ADI; Phung et al 2012;Katsikantami et al 2019) and hazard quotients (HQ) to assess exposure to pesticides.…”

Detection of Pyrethroids in Food by Immunofluorescence Enhanced Method Based on Three-Layer Core-Shell Structure Upconversion Materials

“…The latest national standard GB 2763-2021 stipulates that the maximum residue limit of fenpropathrin in fruit is 5 mg/kg, that in cabbage iss 1 mg/kg and that in cucumber is 0.2 mg/kg. The maximum residue limit of cypermethrin in apple, pear and cabbage is 2 mg/kg, and the maximum residue limit of fenvalerate in apple, pear and cabbage is 1 mg/kg; EU standard EU441/2012 stipulates that the maximum residue of bifenthrin in tomato is 0.3 mg/kg, and the maximum residues of fenvalerate and beta cypermethrin in potato are 0.02 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Even though there are limited requirements in the national standards, the excessive residue of pyrethroid pesticides in edible agricultural products has been banned repeatedly.…”

Oxidative stress of glyphosate, AMPA and metabolites of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos pesticides among primary school children in Cyprus

“…Several human biomonitoring studies measured urinary pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos metabolites in children populations over the world and showed that their levels vary (Wang et al, 2016;van Wendel de Joode et al, 2016;CDC, 2019;Bravo et al, 2019;Health Canada, 2019;Panuwet et al, 2009;Muñoz-Quezada et al, 2020;Fernández S et al, 2020). Indicatively, the median urinary levels of the common metabolite (3-PBA) for many pyrethroids was <LOD (8 ng/L) in 406 Chinese children aged 3-6 years in 2014 (Wang et al, 2016), 0.38 μg/L in 534 children aged 6-11 years in Canada in -2017(Health Canada, 2019 and 1.63 μg/L in 568 Spanish children aged 5-12 years in 2016 (Fernández S et al, 2020).…”