Particulate trace metals above the southern bight of the north sea —I. Analytical procedures and average aerosol concentrations

Trend analysis of the published concentrations of heavy metals in aerosols above the North Sea and the English Channel for the period 1971-1994

“…Vol. 7, 1999 Dedeurwaerder et al 1983 Baeyens and Dedeurwaerder 1991Dedeurwaerder 1988Otten et al 1994Otten et al 1994Otten et al 1994Otten et al 1994Otten et al 1994Chester and Bradshaw 1991Ottley and Harrison 1993Injuk 1995Injuk 1995Cambray et al 1975 Values for Hamburg have not been considered in the graph since the concentrations at this highly industrialized site are rather high and would therefore interfere with data from other places. Also, the values for 1972-1973 and 1972-1979 have not been used since for these periods several data sets are given in the literature for the different years separately.…”

“…For the reason mentioned earlier, in all cases geometric means were used in the graph if both arithmetic and geometric values were available. The values of Baeyens and Dedeurwaerder (1991) and Dedeurwaerder (1988) for the period 1980-1985 were not taken into account in Fig. 3 since this period overlaps with separate yearly averages reported by other authors.…”

“…1). The measurements are described by Peirson et al (1974), Cambray et al (1975), Elskens et al (1981), Dehairs et al (1982), Dedeurwaerder et al (1983), Dedeurwaerder (1988, Baeyens and Dedeurwaerder (1991), Chester and Bradshaw (1991), Ottley and Harrison (1993), Otten et al (1994), and Injuk (1995).…”

Application of Ion Chromatography, Nuclear and Spectrochemical Techniques for Trace and Major Element Determination in Seaside Aerosols

“…In order to get large numbers of markers, multielement analytical techniques and/or more than one analytical technique is required. Commonly used analytical techniques for the determination of sample compositions at very low concentrations in atmospheric aerosols and wet-dry depositions are Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]18], Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) [3,5,[8][9][10][11]20], Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) [12][13][14][15][16], Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) [17,18,21,22,31], Stripping Voltammetry [18], Electron-probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPXMA) [19,[23][24][25]27], Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers (ATOFMS) [26,28] and X-Ray Fluorescence techniques (Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence [30], Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence [29], Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence [31]). …”