Particulate Matter Measurements in a Diesel Engine Exhaust by Laser-Induced Incandescence and the Standard Gravimetric Procedure

Snelling, David R.; Smallwood, Gregory J.; Sawchuk, Robert A.; Neill, W. Stuart; Gareau, Daniel S.; Chippior, Wallace L.; Liu, Fengshan; Gülder, Ömer L.; Bachalo, W. D.

doi:10.4271/1999-01-3653

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Similar reaction mechanisms are observed with nitrogen-containing compounds, Fig. 1 Elemental composition of the typical diesel particulate matter by mass [5] such as nitrogen oxides, and sulphur-containing compounds [15]. Previous studies at Southampton have shown that electrostatic sensing can successfully detect wear debris [16], measure tribocharging [17,18], detect surface transformation [19,20], ceramic wear [21][22][23], and changes in oil chemistry and surface tribofilm [24][25][26][27] due to contact potential effect (surface charge) effects; details of this are shown in references [18], [19], and [28].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

Ramkumar

Harvey

Wood

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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This article presents the findings from a parametric study examining the effect of four contaminants (soot, oxidation, moisture, and sulphuric acid) at varying levels (four for each). It was observed that all contaminants and contaminant levels reduce the conductivity of the oil. Oxidation and soot contaminants produced large increases in viscosity. The wear rate was mainly influenced by acid and soot additions, while the coefficient of friction was increased by all contaminants and contaminant levels. The steady-state charge levels changed for some contaminants. The best correlation of steady-state charge with the other measured tribological parameters of wear rate, friction, and temperature is seen for the series of oxidized oils. The multi-contaminated oil (L4 Â 4) shows remarkably little degradation in tribological performance.Analysis of the wear mechanisms shows that soot and oxidation produced abrasion and polishing wear, respectively, while sulphuric acid and moisture produced corrosive wear.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

Ramkumar

Harvey

Wood

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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“…In laser-induced incandescence (LII) particles (typically in the size range of 1-100 nm) are heated close to their vaporization temperature by absorption of radiation from a strong laser pulse and their thermal radiation intensity is recorded in a narrow spectral range during or shortly after the exciting laser pulse. LII is commonly applied for the determination of the local particle volume fraction, such as soot in flames [11][12][13] and exhaust streams [14]. This information can be inferred from an analysis of the energy and mass balance in the particle ensemble, accounting for absorption of radiation, and cooling by evaporation or sublimation, radiation and heat conduction [15,16].…”

Section: Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical diagnostics of diesel spray injections and combustion in a high-pressure high-temperature cell

et al. 2005

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We report on spatially and temporally resolved optical diagnostic measurements of propagation and combustion of diesel sprays introduced through a single-hole fuel injector into a constant volume, high-temperature, highpressure cell. From shadowgraphy images in non-reacting environments of pure nitrogen, penetration lengths and dispersion angles were determined for non-vaporizing and vaporizing conditions, and found to be in reasonable agreement with standard models for liquid jet propagation and break-up.Quasi-simultaneous two-dimensional images were obtained of laser elastic light scattering, shadowgraphs and spectrally integrated flame emission in a reacting environment (cell temperature 850 K). In addition laser-induced incandescence was employed for the identification of soot-loaded regions. The simultaneously recorded spray images exhibit remarkable structural similarity and provide complementary information about the spray propagation and combustion process. The measurements also reveal the fuel vapor cloud extending well beyond the liquid core and close to the nozzle tip. Ignition takes place close to the tip of the spray within the mixing layer of fuel vapor and surrounding air. Soot is formed in the vapor core region at the tip of the liquid fuel jet. Our results support recently developed phenomenological model on diesel spray combustion.PACS 42.62.Cf; 42.62.Fi; 82.33.Vx IntroductionBecause of their efficiency diesel engines offer great advantages in comparison with other internal combustion concepts for purposes of transportation. However, due to increasingly stringent exhaust gas legislation, aimed at reducing environmental and health concerns (notably involving soot and NO x ), a deeper understanding of the physico-chemical ✉ Fax: +41-56-310-2199, E-mail: thomas.dreier@psi.ch mechanisms of diesel combustion processes is mandatory. Essential features of the combustion process of a diesel fuel spray, such as vaporization, ignition and soot formation, have therefore to be identified for wide ranges of operating conditions.In diesel engines spray evolution is strongly influenced by fuel injector design and characteristics (nozzle geometry, injection pressure, etc.) and ambient conditions in the combustion chamber (temperature, pressure, turbulence intensity, etc.). This concerns the propagation and dispersion of a high-speed liquid fuel jet into a mostly turbulent high density gaseous environment, its break-up into droplets, vaporization and ignition. On their turn these processes affect the subsequent combustion, soot formation and exhaust gas emission. Since in practice these phenomena are highly unsteady, the unravelling of correlations between different scalars necessitates simultaneous observation of as many parameters as possible during one single spray injection event. Consequently, optical techniques constitute a useful tool for in situ diagnostics of these processes with high temporal and spatial resolution. Combustion strategies for the reduction of soot and toxic emissions in diesel...

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“…The production of PM depends on the aromatic levels of the fuel. C 2 reacts with C 4 to generate aromatic structure [9], which comprises monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Nanoparticles, which are formed during the engine cycle of the gas phase PAH, grow to 2 nm and continue until growth vanishes.…”

Section: Soot Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capture of Heat Energy from Diesel Engine Exhaust

Lin¹

2008

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Diesel generators produce waste heat as well as electrical power. About one-third of the fuel energy is released from the exhaust manifolds of the diesel engines and normally is not captured for useful applications. This project studied different waste heat applications that may effectively use the heat released from exhaust of Alaskan village diesel generators, selected the most desirable application, designed and fabricated a prototype for performance measurements, and evaluated the feasibility and economic impact of the selected application. Exhaust flow rate, composition, and temperature may affect the heat recovery system design and the amount of heat that is recoverable. In comparison with the other two parameters, the effect of exhaust composition may be less important due to the large air/fuel ratio for diesel engines. This project also compared heat content and qualities (i.e., temperatures) of exhaust for three types of fuel: conventional diesel, a synthetic diesel, and conventional diesel with a small amount of hydrogen. Another task of this project was the development of a computeraided design tool for the economic analysis of selected exhaust heat recovery applications to any Alaskan village diesel generator set.The exhaust heat recovery application selected from this study was for heating. An exhaust heat recovery system was fabricated, and 350 hours of testing was conducted. Based on testing data, the exhaust heat recovery heating system showed insignificant effects on engine performance and maintenance requirements. From measurements, it was determined that the amount of heat recovered from the system was about 50% of the heat energy contained in the exhaust (heat contained in exhaust was evaluated based on environment temperature). The estimated payback time for 100% use of recovered heat would be less than 3 years at a fuel price of $3.50 per gallon, an interest rate of 10%, and an engine operation of 8 hours per day. Based on experimental data, the synthetic fuel contained slightly less heat energy and fewer emissions. Test results obtained from adding different levels of a small amount of hydrogen into the intake manifold of a diesel-operated engine showed no effect on exhaust heat content. In other words, both synthetic fuel and conventional diesel with a small amount of hydrogen may not have a significant enough effect on the amount of recoverable heat and its feasibility.An economic analysis computer program was developed on Visual Basic for Application in Microsoft Excel. The program was developed to be user friendly, to accept different levels of input data, and to expand for other heat recovery applications (i.e., power, desalination, etc.) by adding into the program the simulation subroutines of the desired applications. The developed program has been validated using experimental data.

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Particulate Matter Measurements in a Diesel Engine Exhaust by Laser-Induced Incandescence and the Standard Gravimetric Procedure

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

Optical diagnostics of diesel spray injections and combustion in a high-pressure high-temperature cell

Capture of Heat Energy from Diesel Engine Exhaust

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