“…Investigation methods of individual activity pattern and behavior are given in Table 2 , including sampling or measurement, time-microenvironment-activity diary (TMAD), questionnaire and video record. Measurements were widely conducted in Africa ( Abdel-Salam, 2013 , 2015 , 2021a ), North America ( Miller et al., 2009 ; Colton et al., 2014 ; Wang et al., 2016a ; Singer et al., 2017 ; Singleton et al., 2017 ; Jeong et al., 2019 ), Europe ( Derbez et al., 2014 , 2018 ; Meier et al., 2015 ; Wyss et al., 2016 ; Salis et al., 2017 ; Ścibor et al., 2019 ) and Asia ( Li and Chen, 2003 ; Cao et al., 2005 ; Massey et al., 2009 , 2012 ; Yassin et al., 2012 ; Gurley et al., 2013 ; Sidra et al., 2015 ; Fan et al., 2016 , 2018 ; Han et al., 2016 ; Wang et al., 2016b , 2018 ; Zhou et al., 2016 ; Shao et al., 2017 ; Weaver et al., 2017 ; Huang et al., 2018 , 2019 ; Liu et al., 2018 , 2020 ; Tang and Wang, 2018 ; Tong et al., 2018 ; Lawrence et al., 2019 ; Liu et al., 2020 ; Xue et al., 2020 ; Algari et al., 2021 ; Shen et al., 2021 ; Tran et al., 2021 ). However, direct measurements of personal exposure is hard to conducted, because it is expensive, labor intensive, invasive, and applicable only to samples ( Dimitroulopoulou et al., 2001a , Dimitroulopoulou et al., 2001b ; Kruize et al., 2003 ; McGrath et al., 2014a , McGrath et al., 2014b ).…”