Particulate Matter as a Driven Factor Covid19 Transmission at Outdoor: Review

Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus) which attacks the respiratory tract, with mild to severe symptoms. The virus can infect the body through mucous membranes on the face with droplet transmission. Air pollution is thought to contribute to Covid19 events which can worsen the situation of people with Covid19. The aims of this literature review is to analyze Particulate Matter (PM) as environmental factors that contributes Covid19, so it is expected to be a study in terms of prevention and prevention in the field of environmental health. Discussion: PM is thought to have contributed to an increased risk of mortality and morbidity in Covid19 events. PM which has toxic properties can enter the lungs and affect the physiological condition of the lung organs. The findings regarding the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA strengthen the suspicion that PM plays a role in Covid19 transmission. Several studies have found that there is a relationship between PM and Covid19. PM2.5 which is smaller than PM10 has a higher ability to be a risk factor for ballast in Covid19. Conclusion: The results of this synthesis state that PM can be one of the driving factors of Covid19 transmission in air.

COVID-19 lockdown improves air quality in Morocco

“…A study indicates that long-term exposure to PM 2.5 may be one of the most important contributors to deaths exacerbated by the COVID-19 virus and possibly worldwide [40]. Also, PM can be one of the driving factors of COVID-19 transmission in the air [41].…”

Literature Review: Paparan Jangka Panjang PM2.5 Berisiko Meningkatkan Kematian Akibat COVID-19

“…Kasus kematian akibat COVID-19 dapat terjadi apabila tidak dilakukan penanganan segera dan secara maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 harus mendapatkan perawatan yang intensif di rumah sakit agar bisa dipantau keadaan kesehatannya dan agar mendapatkan pengobatan yang tepat (Firmansyah et al, 2020).…”

Effects of Air Pollutants, Particulate Matter 10 (Pm10), Sulphur Dioxide (So2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (No2), on Covid-19 Cases in Indonesia

“…Several previous research had proved that there is a correlation between air pollution in the form of particulate matter in short-term exposure to ambient air towards the increased risk of respiratory disease. The increased risk happens because particulate matter in the air consists of toxic substances that could get in from the inhalation process and later will circulate in human's bloodstream and targeted organs, which will affect the exposed person (Firmansyah et al, 2020).…”

“…Some researches found that there is a correlation between PM and COVID-19. PM2.5, which is smaller than PM10, has a higher ability to become a weighting factor in COVID-19 (Firmansyah et al 2020). There are two ways of COVID-19 transmission through PM.…”

“…This research aimed to analyse the influence of air pollution on the increase of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia during the implementation of Large-Scale social restrictions (PSBB). The health of people that confirmed positive COVID-19 can get worse when exposed to air pollutants that to date always been known as one of the reasons for respiratory disease (Firmansyah et al, 2020). However, currently, only a few people know about the influence of environmental factors on the increase of COVID-19 cases, even though there is some amount of evidence that the increase in air pollution rate in statistics could have increased the positive confirmed COVID-19 case and death due to COVID-19 (Persico et al, 2021).…”