Particulate Emissions from a Low-Speed Marine Diesel Engine

Abstract

This study presents results from tail pipe emissions of particulate matter from a turbocharged common rail 2-stroke marine diesel engine (4RTX-3 from Wärtsilä) investigated at various operating conditions and using two different fuels. Size distributions were measured with a SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer). A thermodesorber (TD) was applied to remove volatile material. In addition, filter samples were taken for gravimetric and chemical analysis. The mean diameters of the particles ranged between 20-40 nm, which is considerably smaller than the diameter of particles known from 4-stroke diesel engines as used in cars. A TD operated at 400 • C evaporated the majority of the particles. The particle mass is dominated by volatile organic material, the fraction of which is significantly higher than for engines in cars. A high nucleation mode was found instead of a pronounced accumulation mode as known from 4-stroke diesel engines.

Particle Emissions from Ships: Dependence on Fuel Type

“…A corresponding figure for MDO with 0.155% sulfur is in the same range but with a much lower total mass. 15 The chemical composition and sulfur content of the particles have also been reported to vary with engine load during HFO combustion. 14,24 The importance of sulfur content on mass emissions of particles is well known.…”

“…Test bed studies by engine manufacturers are seldom published and in many cases concern new engines. Published research results from test bed emission studies include Lyyränen's work, [12][13][14] which considered engines for marine application and with residual oil only, and Kasper et al, 15 who examined particle formation from combustion of heavy fuel oil (HFO) as well as a MDO.…”

Air Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide From Gasoline and Diesel Consumption in the Southwestern States of Nigeria

“…Sulphate particles in the exhaust system form during the cooling of the exhausts and a reaction between SO 3 and water, which forms H 2 SO 4 . Kasper et al (2007) found that 1.4% of the sulphur in the fuel was in the form of sulphate in exhaust gas particles. Agrawal et al (2008) showed a sulphate particle formation between 7% and 5% for the same mechanisms during exhaust gas measurements after dilution with air, while Moldanová et al (2009) concluded on 1.3%.…”

“…Sulphur is chemically bonded to the hydrocarbons of the fuel and during combustion; most suphur is oxidized to SO 2 (MAN B&W Diesel, 1996). Sulphur, which is mostly oxidized to SO 2 during combustion, is a major constituent of the primary particles in the exhaust from gasoline and diesel powered engines from the combustion of fuel (Kasper et al, 2007;Agrawal et al, 2008;Petzold et al, 2008;Moldanová et al, 2009;Popovicheva et al, 2009). Sulphate particles in the exhaust system form during the cooling of the exhausts and a reaction between SO 3 and water, which forms H 2 SO 4 .…”

“…The air emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and its environmental and health impacts from the consumption of refined petroleum products with nonuniformity in sulphur contents in Nigeria could be mitigated, provided there is proper and consistence investigation. Significant amounts of SO 2 particles have been released to the air globally, due to combustion characteristics of various engines and a widespread use of fuels with nonuniform qualities in terms of sulphur levels (Kasper et al, 2007). Sulphur is chemically bonded to the hydrocarbons of the fuel and during combustion; most suphur is oxidized to SO 2 (MAN B&W Diesel, 1996).…”